The+Rise+of+Russia

The Mongols were able to influence the way of social habits and how they dress to the Russia civilization. Under the control of the Mongols it had led the Russia civilization to be dependent on agriculture and less on trading and manufacturing which led to the decrease in the economy.

Ivan III was able to free a large amount of Russia in 1462. Ivan III was also able to control orthodox churches due to the marriage between him and the niece of the remaining Byzantine emperor. Ivan III and Ivan IV had control over more lands in the south and they were able to make **Cossacks** migrate there. Caspian Sea had been conquered by the Cossacks. Territory expansion policy revolved around Asia. Cossacks were Russion pioneers that supplied people for expansion.

Leader Analysis Sheet Before inheriting the throne Russia was successful even though it was mostly due to agriculture. Serf labor had begun to increase due to manufacturing. Unique education from early age. || Led the first Westernization in history. Established the first Russia navy. Extended precessors of tsar control. Put down revolts againist his rule. Formed policy was well maintained. Ex. Attacked Ottoman Empire. Established capital of St. Petersburg. Eliminated old normal councils and appointed people under his control. || ﻿ Leader Analysis Sheet
 * Name of Leader: Peter the Great ||
 * Lifespan 52 years old || Title: Peter the Great ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power 42 years ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals: Concentrated mostly on culture, improving the economy and political organization. To develop on the economy he concentrated on mining industries and metallurgical. Goal was to build up an army that is stable and has the ability to last for two centuries. Motivated to enhance Russia’s powers. Wanted to provide more education for nobles in subjects like math. His motivation was also change in Russia. Wanted to build a strong economy for military purposes rather than commercial trading. Politically autocratic. Imitated western science and technology. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Short-Term effects: Recruited aristocrats for the bureaucracy. He copied the Western military organization. . To cut off relations with the Mongols men were forced to cut off their beards and pigtails. Wear western clothes, required by upper class. ﻿﻿ || Long-Term Effects: Peter’s Chancery of Secret Police that he had setup to supervise the bureaucrats had lasted till the 1900’s. Due to Peter the Great Russia was essential in European military and diplomatic alignments. Russian economy had changed. He had abolished the practice of transfer of power since women had more power there. Wanted to build a strong economy for military purposes rather than commercial trading. He and successor founded scientific academys. ||
 * Name of Leader: Catherine the Great ||
 * Lifespan 1729-1796 || Title: Catherine the Great ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: She wanted to dethrone her husband because of his actions. Became an empress in 1762. Peter III her husband wanted to divorce her several times. Catherine the Great had hated her son Tsar Paul I. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals: The powers of the central monarch were defended by her. She had used the **Pugachev rebellion** as an excuse to expand the powers of the government. Wanted nobles to send their children to the west to be educated and develop there but she didn’t want to be influenced by the West culture, take over. Wanted to centralize government. Still expanded Russian borders. Wanted to control peasant class so they do not rebel. Generally interested in englightenment inteterest and to gain power. Loved western culture. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: Catherine the great had harassed Radishev who was a noble because he wanted to abolition serfdom and liberal political rule. She was able to gain new territories such as the Crimea, areas in central Asia and was able to border the Black Sea and also areas in Alaska. **Partition of Poland** between Austria and Prussia, Russia was able to win the agreements leading to the three partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1793 which made Poland no longer an independent state. Was able to develop in Western Europe after taking down the armies of Napoleon in 1812. ﻿Import French philosphers. made reforms, gave nobility new powers. Changed the aristocrats. ||
 * Short-Term effects: Increased Russia interference In Polish affairs. || Long-Term Effects: She gave new powers to the nobles that were able to control the serfs. Harsh punishments that nobles could do to the serfs were increased due to Catherine the Great. The three partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1793 which made Poland no longer an independent state. New culture and economy. ||

Serfdom The serfs were used to produced surplus, getting more weaker due to Catherine wanting to increase noble power.
 * During 17th and 18th century the farmers were getting weaker and under the control of the nobles.
 * Russian farmers were free peasants however after the Tatars were exposed they were in great debt.
 * The government had encouraged this.
 * Serfdom was required when territories had expanded.
 * During 1800’s about half of the peasants were under the control of the nobles.
 * People born to a station could not escape their fate and role due to an act that was in 1649.
 * The policies of Serfdom resembled to slavery where nobles could do things like punish them or gamble them away.
 * Peasants were required to pay taxes, had owed more than just agricultural labor to the government had to do work manufacturing and mining also.
 * If serfs attempted to rebel they could be harshly punished due to the law established in 1785.
 * Serfs were used to produced surplus, more dependemnt on for labor.

Trade and economic Dependence
 * 95% of population were rural.
 * Professionals and nonobles were promoted and welcomed due to the increase of the government.
 * 36 million was Russia’s population in the 18th century, which meant that it had doubled.
 * Agricultural improvements were minimal.

Social Unrest
 * During the end of the 18th century people were seeking to abolish serfdom similar to Radishev.
 * Pugachev had claimed that he was a tsar, he had promised several things like abolishing serfdom and promising no taxation, however was defeated after going to southern Russia.

Russia and Eastern Europe
 * After Hungary had become freed from the Ottoman, they had joined the Habsburg Empire.
 * The Habsburg Empire took over Czech lands eventually known as Bohemia.
 * Prussia had entered Polish territory.
 * People had charged Polish aristocrats with electing kings, therefore only weak people were elected because of that.