Early+Latin+America

You must include main ideas and details in each category
 * ESPIRIT Chart**

Civilization/Nation/Group: Spanish

Time Period:


 * E || * The economy was affected because **Isabella of Castile** had ordered people to move or convert and around 200,000 people had left.
 * The enconmienda system was being used where the Spanish were allowed grants of Indian labor.
 * African slaves were involved in the economy and were imported from the trans-Sahara trade.
 * The enconmienda system began by the people of the islands known as Taino growing surplus labor and giving it to the Spanish.
 * The **encomendero** could tax the people they make work.
 * During the next two centuries everything had depopulated due to European diseases, slaving, and gold hunting.
 * African slaves were being imported by Italian and Spanish workers to work on sugar plantations.
 * Sugar plantations and ranches had begun to replace gold hunting during the 1520’s.
 * Economy depended on mining and agriculture, ranches and farms were used to compete with Native Americans.
 * During 1545 to 1565 silver was discovered.
 * In Peru **Potosi** was the largest mine.
 * Labor drafts replaced Indian Slaves.
 * **Huancavelica** increased silver production in America.
 * **Haciendas** were made for consumers in America were the power and wealth for the aristocrats.
 * Textile sweat shops had emerged because of raising sheep.
 * Spain depended on taxes more than exploring.
 * Forced labor from use of African slaves.
 * Self-sufficient
 * S || * Spanish women began migrating in the 1510’s.
 * People of the Caribbean had been wiped out due to diseases.
 * Depopulation caused a high demand in slave labor.
 * There were 25 million people in central Mexico in 1519 however only 2 million in 1580.
 * Collapse of population caused problems to the economy.
 * **Consulado, merchant guide** had controlled goods that were being shipped to America and in Seville was where trading to America was taken placed and was being controlled. ||
 * P || * During the 15th century **Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile**, his wife had initiated a program to take out diversity of religion.
 * Bureaucracy consisted of men usually judges and lawyers.
 * To rule over new colonies Spain had established governorship, treasury office, and court of appeals.
 * King gets one-fifth of treasure, men that signs up regularly with special skills two shares.
 * Mostly men had gone on expeditions however there were also women such as Ines Suarez.
 * Conquerors in 1570 were being replaced by colonists, Bureaucrats and merchants.
 * Mita was forced labor in Peru, and many Native Americans had to work in mines.
 * Indians moved to work for the Spanish instead because of the abuse.
 * The bureaucratic system was how Spain was able to control America.
 * **Letrados** were the ones that were in the bureaucratic system.
 * **The Council of the Indies** was what the Spanish King had used to rule.
 * During 16th century there were two **viceroyalties,** and they had represented the king.
 * **Audiencias** were the ones that contribute to making laws. ||
 * I || * Christopher Columbus held a voyage in 1492 and had established **Hispaniola.**
 * In 1508 Spain had taken control of Puerto Rico and Cuba in 1511.
 * People began to live in northern coast of South America and Panama in 1513.
 * Spain was able to take over a huge amount of two continents, and other areas too.
 * **Hernan Cortes** in 1519 had led an expedition that consisted of 600 men to coast of Mexico.
 * **Moctezuma II** the Azetec emperor had been killed when Hernan had reached the capital Tenochtitlan and had the helped of Indians.
 * Aztecs had collapsed in 1521 because of diseases and starvation.
 * **Mexico City** had replaced Tenochtitlan.
 * **New Spain** had taken control of a large amount of central Mexico in 1535.
 * Francisco Pizarro had taken over the Incas and the empire collapsed in 1533.
 * **Francisco Vazquez de Coronado** had searched for mythical cities of gold and was able to take control of many areas.
 * **Pedro de Valdivia** had taken control of Araucanians and in 1541 established Santiago.
 * In 1536 an expedition had found Buenos Aires however resistance had made them fail on conquering it and was not founded again until 1580.
 * **Treaty of Tordesillas** was between Portugal and Castile to separate lands that were being controlled by who. ||
 * R || * Cathedral built on Hispaniola in 1530
 * Clergy had several jobs.
 * Churches were established to convert Indians.
 * Clergies studied Indian culture and language, and wrote history.
 * Diego de Landa had admired the culture of Mayas however was outraged by their religion so he had tortured them Mayans and burned all their books in 1547.
 * Bishoprics and parishes institutions had replaced missionary churches.
 * Clergies had ran the schools. ||
 * I || * University built on Hispaniola after the Cathedral.
 * Mancio Serra had questioned conquest.
 * Juan Gines de Sepulveda in 1548 published a book believing that conquest was justified.
 * The Spanish king had stopped further conquests in 1550 to listen to his argument.
 * Father Bartolome de Las Casas had disagreed with Juan Gines de Sepulveda.
 * Religion was what intellect revolved around.
 * **Sor Juana Indes la Cruz** was a women that was welcomed at the court of viceroy in Mexico City because of her intellect and beauty, however she gave up all that to go to religion. ||
 * T || * Method of amalgamation with mercury to take out silver was used during silver mining however it was after 1580.
 * **Galleons**, huge armed ships that carried the silver being brought to Spain. ||
 * **Galleons**, huge armed ships that carried the silver being brought to Spain. ||