Civilizations+in+Crisis+The  Ottomans, Empire,+the+Islamic+Heartlands,+and+Qing+China


 * Civilizations in Crisis: Ottomas, Egypt, and China**

Ottoman Empire and Egypt
As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egyp ||
 * * ===Decline:===
 * Succession of weak rulers
 * Power struggles of religious experts, rival ministers commanders of Janissary corps
 * Control over population decreased.
 * positions of artisans lowered due to competition coming in fro Europe.
 * Merchants began trading with Europeans
 * Ottomans were forced to leave northern Balkans and Hungary.
 * Ottomans attempted to form alliance with Christian powers.
 * Ottoman lost control of Greeks.

Reform
aid of European advisors, ended with Janissaries death.
 * During 19th reforms that came from sultans had managed to keep the Ottoman going.
 * 1727 introduced to printing press, **Sultan Selim III b**elieves that bolder actions are needed.
 * His motives were to build army, navy, and improve administrative efficiency.
 * **Muhmud II,** two decades later resumed where Selim had failed, 1826 revolt againist Janissaries,
 * **Tanzimat Reforms- 1839 and 1876,** western influence pervasive.
 * 1830's telegraph systems, 1860's railways built.
 * minority religious groups position increased due to legal reforms.
 * Due to treaty with the British in 1838, of removing import taxes and such artisans were weakened.
 * position of women slightly increased.

Repression and Revolt

 * During the rule of Sulltan **Abdul Hamid** from 1878 to 1908, to respond to the growth of westernized officers he tried to return to absolutism. (placed limits to freedom of press, liberty, and constitution.
 * Adopted techniques from Europeans, Western-style educational systems grew.
 * **Ottoman Society for Union and Progress** established by exiled Turkish in Paris 1889, to revolt.
 * There were attempts of assassinations.
 * power of women, constitution, were restored.
 * Turks had removed Sultans of power, took over 600 years to rule. || **Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands.**


 * Arabs did not like the Turks from ruling, however they did not mind the Ottomans.
 * Europeans taking over Islamic land.


 * Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt.**


 * Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 to stop British power in India, had successfully slipped pas British Blockade and reached shore in July 1798, followed by encounter of Mamluk regime.
 * **Murad,** head of Mamluk.
 * Battle under the pyramids had broke out.
 * However British had forced Napoleon into a corner and sand his French ships at Battle of Aboukir, August 1798, Napoleon needed to flee back to Paris.
 * **Muhammad Ali** became a ruler, builded Europe style military then introduced Western style, and did such things like hire French officers, and imported Western arms.
 * Was able to invade Syria, created war fleet to threaten Istanbul.
 * Economic increase due to production of hemp, other crops, and indigo.
 * died in 1848.
 * 1952 Abdul Nasser ruled after his successor **khedives** were overthrown.


 * Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance**


 * Rich got rich peasants went hungry.
 * Cotton production at the expense of food.
 * **Suez canal** created in 1869 had transformed Egypt, connect Mediterranean and Red Sea.
 * Muslim University of al-Azhar, place for thinkers to gather.
 * **al-Afghani** and disciple **Muhammad Abduh** believed that if the Muslims borrowed technology and scientific learning from the west they would be able to revive.
 * Believed that Muslims had taught Europeans before now its time to return the favor.
 * Khedive's debt gave advantage to British and France.
 * During summer of 1882, revolt had occurred because in order to save money Khedives had broke up the Egyptian regiments and Egyptian officers.
 * British gained power over khedives after they had secured the place of them when they destroyed Orabi's troops.


 * Jihad: The Madhist Revolt in the Sudan**


 * 1920's Egyptians tried to rule Sudan.
 * Khedvies focused on areas like **Khartoum,** center of Egyptian administration in Sudan.
 * 1870's Egyptians attempt to remove slave trade, angered the them.
 * **Muhammad Achmad** was believed to be descent of Muhammad and related him to **Mahdi.**
 * **Muhammad** had attacked the Egyptians.
 * **Khalifa Abdallahi** was a skillful commander.
 * dancing, smoking, alcohol was not allowed in their new society.
 * Kitchener defeated Mahdist. ||

Read Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilations(IN DEPTH P.596-597)

**The Qing Empire**
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

The Manchus were successful in over taking the Ming dynasty after they gained control instead of eliminating everything and establishing their own type of government they kept the bureaucracy and had adapted to it.
 * The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China:**
 * **Nurhaci**- local leader he was the foundation of unity of the Manchu tribes.
 * Combined cavalry into eight **banner armies** of each tribe.
 * Non- Manchu people were under his rule and Manchuria.
 * Adopted Chinese ways.
 * Advantage due to Ming's dynasty weakness.
 * Took over Ming dynasty due to the governments action of inviting them in for aid against the rebels.
 * Too tribute from Vietnam and Burma.
 * Qing Dynasty is born.
 * Adapted political system and allowed the people to continue their current positions in the government.
 * Kept the examination for the bureaucracy.
 * Encyclopedias of Chinese learning created by **Kangxi** and other Manchu rulers.

Women still were inferior to men even though certain high class women did have an advantage in status and power. Landlords began to gain power due to their new effective method of buying peasants out creating more and more tenants and workers which made it difficult for them to reason with the landlords. Trading had caused an increase in the economy, new merchant class was created, traded overseas.
 * Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule**
 * Zhu Zhi's writing still continued to dominate official thinking.
 * Women were confined to household, any status.
 * Groom chose women with less status to be the bride.
 * Sons were still preferred over daughters, mostly seen as household workers, large dowry made up for loss.
 * More males than females.
 * Women with higher status could ruler over younger women and men.
 * State labor and taxes lowered, great amount of government money uses to repair things like canals and roads, or even to extend irrigation works.
 * land owners began to buy out peasants, landlords began to have more power.
 * High class men grew out long nails to portray that they could not participate in any hard labor, they would threaten to break their nails.
 * Exports of silk textiles, porcelain, and tea had profited China, more silver came in.
 * Traded overseas.
 * **Compradors-** new merchant class due to trading, linked China and outside world.

Eventually the government became corrupt like previous dynasties. With people only caring about gaining positions in the bureaucracy for money, major problems have occurred. With the lack of funding for public works dikes had caused leaks leading to major disasters such as famine,death, and diseases. Due to these events more beggars were in the city, bandits rose, and huge amounts of migration.
 * Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration**
 * Qing dynasty in decline 18th century, bureaucracy rotting internally, examinations done through favoritism and cheating.
 * Connections guaranteed spot in the bureaucracy.
 * To protest exam was held publicly and 1711 people had failed.
 * People viewed jobs in the bureaucracy as a way to increase their fortune.
 * Money to fund military dropped, and their training, less public works, there were leaking dikes due to the lack of funds.
 * Major disaster in Shandong peninsula, flooding cause death, diseases, and famine.
 * Huge amounts of migration, more beggars, bandits grew.

Since the British was not able to trade raw materials such as those like the Chinese did they had little choice but to begin trading opium, however this made the Chinese fear that their economy would drop since opium became popular. The Chinese viewed the British as a threat and **Lin Zexu** was sent by the emperor to stop all trades and he destroyed the opium which led to war, however the British had won and had power of China due to their advance technology in military which made them superior.
 * Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After**
 * Viewed Europeans as nomads.
 * Middle of 19th century war between China, Britain and European powers.
 * British had to trade growing amounts of silver bullion due, because unable to trade raw material like Chinese.
 * Opium grown in eastern India and China, huge amounts were sold by India.
 * **Opium War- 1839** Chinese imported 40,000 chests.
 * China began to lose money, and unemployment spread.
 * More than 400 million people addicted to opium in 1838.
 * 18th century government said opium trafficking illegal however not enforced and they realized it was necessary to be stopped at 19th century.
 * Emperor sent **Lin Zexu** to stop opium trades, cooperated with European merchants and naval officers to destroy all opium.
 * War in 1839.
 * British defeated China.
 * British commerce was Hong Kong, established after 1st war.
 * Drug came into China unchecked after 1842.
 * British controlled Chinese trade.
 * China was forced to accept European ambassadors in court due to their lack of military technology.

Qing Dynasty on the verge of collapse especially after the Opium War rebellions had rose against Qing. **Hong Xiuquan** had been successful in creating his own capital and establishing power however eventually his attempt to develop simplified script and mass had offended the scholar-gentry leading to their downfall.
 * A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms**
 * Qing dynasty was on the verge on being overthrown due to the rebellions because of the lost to the British (1850's and early 1860's).
 * **Hong Xiuquan** led the **Taiping Rebellion,** soldiers consisted of Hakka women.
 * Defeated Qing forces, created capital of Nanjing by spring of 1853.
 * Internal affairs of the rebels led to the killing.
 * Offered liberation of women, social reform, and land distribution.
 * Taiping's defeat was because they had offended the scholar-gentry with an attempt or motive to develop simplified script and mass literacy, to fend off the Taiping military forces were created by the Qing.
 * **Self-strengthening movement** encouraged Western to invest in factories that they governed, armies, and railways.
 * Hong had died due to illness or suicide before Nanjing was seized, 100,000 of his people had died.
 * Empress **Cixi** ruled during the remaining time of the QIng dynasty, nephew was in jail in the Forbidden City.
 * Took money to build modern warships to build marble boats in the imperial garden.
 * **Boxer Rebellion 1898** ended 1901 by imperialist powers.

Manchus on verge of being overthrown due to secret societies. People in the secret societies had increased. Eventually the manchus had been overthrown.
 * The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?**
 * Manchus were on verge of decline due to secret societies that are resisting them such as Triads, and Society of Elders and Brothers.
 * 19th century increase in people in secret societies to overthrow Manchus.
 * Looked forward to creating a strong nation-state in China similar to the West.
 * **Sun Yat-sen** taking power was to create programs to help peasants.
 * Rebellions had cut of queues to defy the Manchus.
 * **Puyi** the last emperor of China in February 12 had been removed.
 * Last exam gave out on 1905.