THE+WEST


 * The Global Great Depression**
 * MI: Great Depression** caused major problems that placed many limits on the economy.
 * **Great Depression** begun before crash of stock market in 1929.
 * long term weakness of economy + problems of industrial economy of Europe.


 * Causation**
 * MI:** The war had led to actions such as overproduction which led to decrease in prices, inflation made debts more difficult to pay than it already is.
 * farmers encountered overproduction however low prices.
 * postwar inflation made people buy new equipments.
 * increasing European production + huge imports coming from New Zealand + America = drop in price = debt more difficult to pay.
 * government tied to inflation
 * demand of good preserved due to loan from U.S. banks to European businesses.
 * overproduction = drop in price = Africa + Latin America = weakened demand for Western products due to being unable to buy industrial exports.
 * 1920's government provided leadership
 * Western nations cared about debts being paid, and tariffs, rather than the economy balancing.
 * employment dropped 1920's.


 * The Debacle**
 * MI:** The crash of the stock market was a cycle which continued. Rise of unemployment rates + drop of wages and hours. Women were offered new opportunities to work however they worked for less wage.
 * Depression = October 1929 = crash of New York Stock market
 * cycle one goes the other goes too
 * Austria + Germany = bank fail
 * industrial production = drop
 * 1932 = 1/3 drop in production ---> unemployment
 * hours + pay dropped
 * 1931 = France + Italy involved in cycle
 * 1931, Germany = 600,000/ 4 million lost jobs.
 * Britain 22% unemployed
 * women = new opportunities, jobs with low wages.
 * Western markets = absorb fewer commodity imports when production dropped.
 * Japanese silk industry suffered. exports dropped by 50% 1929-1931, 3 million unemployed, 1/3 income drop.


 * Response to the Depression in Western Europe**
 * MI:** Tariffs were placed to stop other areas from exporting to their nation, however it had a negative effect. The government wanted to reduce the cost of spending. There were arguments between classes.
 * Rise of national tariffs = negative effect on international economy.
 * government reduce spending cost
 * Gov. were about inflation however it led to less economic stimulus + unemployment in gov.
 * political polarization due to depression
 * communist party + authoritarian movement
 * arguments b/t class
 * Great Depression = no parliamentary system or parliamentary system
 * communist + socialist parties grew
 * **Popular Front =** communist+ socialist + liberal = focus is winning election. = response to rightist movements. = supported new liberal regime in Spain.
 * Popular front fell 1938.
 * Southern England = first television industry = 1930's.


 * The New Deal**
 * MI:** New deal was a policy that had helped during the depression, offered new benefits such as social security system, and public jobs.
 * President Herbert Hoover = high tariffs, reduce spending
 * U.S. wanted to speed up repayments from Europe = matters worse.
 * Franklin Roosevelt 1933, **New Deal =** direct aid + unemployment benefits.
 * Public Works = jobs, opportunity.
 * Social Security system
 * economic stimulation + new bank regulations

MI: Rise of Hitler in 1933, he blamed Jews for everything, and he wanted to eliminate Jews, created a totalitarian state.
 * The Rise of Nazism**
 * Depression = new fascist regime in Germany
 * Nazi regime = Adolf Hitler's doing. argued about unity = necessary
 * Promised traditional ways = artisans vote
 * 1933 rise of power
 * **totalitarian state**
 * **Gestapo** = secret police, arrested hundreds of thousands of opponents in politics.
 * employment + welfare benefits used to appease low paid workers in trade unions.
 * strong regime through propaganda, strident nationalism, attack Jewish minority.
 * Anti-semitism.
 * Jews needed to wear star, they were attacked, blamed, and had to attend concentration camps.
 * 1940's = elimination of Jews.
 * policy is to prepare for war
 * extend control was his intention.


 * The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War**
 * MI:** Fascist movements was able to spread in other areas like Hungary and Romania. In 1920's Benito Mussolini had formed a fascist state in Italy, he was similar to Hitler, he attacked Ethiopia in 1935 and had won. The Civil war occurred in 1936, and General Francisco Franco had won.
 * Fascist movements in Romania + Hungary
 * 1938, Hitler claimed union of Germany and Austria.
 * Benito Mussolini, 1920's in Italy. = was first diplomatic, but promised nationalist glories + foreign policy.
 * 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia, Italy won
 * Fascism ---> Spain ---> **Spanish Civil War.**
 * **1936 = civil war**
 * General Francisco Franco ---> Spanish military, had support from fascist party
 * Spanish cities bombed by Germany + Italy
 * 1939 = France army won.


 * Economic and Political Changes in Latin America**
 * MI:** The middle class had rise and they entered politics. Artists and intellectuals turned to Latin American instead of looking at Europe. Communist and Socialist parties had formed, after Russian Revolution in 1917.
 * Limit of liberalism 1920's- 1930's in Latin America
 * rise of middle class --> enter politics.
 * intellectuals + artists turned to Latin Americans own population and history instead of Europe.
 * social change + reform rose
 * socialist + communist parties formed in Latin America

Old and New Causes of a Second War
 * Japan was worried about Guomindang’s success, under general Chiang kai-shek it seemed like he was able to unify China
 * Japan took over Manchuria in 1905, called it Manchukuo after.
 * Adolf Hitler and Nazi were rising.
 * Communist linked to S.U. in east
 * Mussolini and Hitler wanted to create an alli forced when they placed soldiers in the Spanish Civil war.
 * Soviet Union provided aid to Spain’s Republicans.
 * Franco did not join the global war.

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific.
 * WWII on September 1, 1939 - à Germany invades Poland
 * Hitler and Mussolini realized that small states were being sacrificed to fill their desires so they would stop.
 * Manchuria planned to invade China proper.
 * Japanese bombed Guomindang
 * Hitler wanted to take over Slavic East.
 * Hitler took over Western Poland, Soviets took the East.
 * British and France declared war on Germany.

The Conduct of a Second Global War
 * Allies had the upper hand when the United States entered the war.

Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat · Hitler had to abandon his plan which included taking over British Isles. · Mid-1941, Germans took over parts of the Mediterranean and Europe. · Nazi took out Soviet forces in areas likes Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states. · Spring 1942 German forces wanted to take Russia, but failed.
 * Nazi war machine took over France, and Low Countries, and made the British retreat.
 * Germany’s strategy was **blitzkrieg**.
 * Summer of 1940, Germany took over north and central France.
 * **Battle of Britain.**
 * British by late 1944 drove out the Nazis from Soviet Union and took over Poland and Finland.

War’s End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff
 * Allied forces became United Nations
 * Meetings included things like environmental protection, women’s rights, and child labor.
 * Cold war 1945-1949
 * 1944, **Tehran Conference,** there was tension when allied forces agreed to invade France due to the occupation of the Nazis.
 * 1945 **Yalta Conference**
 * President Franklin Roosevelt eager to ask Soviet Union for assistance in taking over Japan.

**Read chapter 31p.732 - 750**
 * What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?**
 * Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?


 * Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)
 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs


 * Outline economic development in Europe**
 * economic growth, politica, and diplomatic change
 * improvement of purchasing power by the welfare state and the European Union led to the economic growth.
 * new economic phase = western Europe by the 1950's
 * the technocrats had backed up the farmers in production
 * North Americas agriculture was still greater than Europes.
 * In the production of weapons Europe was still in the lead.

The cold war had been divided into four zones which was Britain, France, Soviet Union, and the United States had controlled them. **North Atlantic Treat Organization** also known as NATO was formed in 1949. Germany had created the **Warsaw Pact** as a reponse to NATO. Implications were new influences from the U.S. and foreign policy. U.S. wanted to accept germany, wanted old allies France and Britain, not only that but also acceptance of U.S. forces and weapons systems. Soviet Union and germany, during the 1970's had negotiated with each other and also with eastern bloc countries.
 * How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?**

This developed because there was resistance in ideas, not only that but the there was a change in the political spectrum, Not only that but there was also inequality in the economy and there to reward the lower class because of their loyality there was a new system that was made. The welfate state is to reward the lower class for their loyality. New government programs was also added by 1948. Things like unemdployment measure were improved and medical care, not only that but because of the welfare state there was new Labour programs.
 * What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?**

Plea of reconstruction of European spirit was in response to the hate that was towards Nazism. Europes economic recovery were eager to spur by the U.S. leaders during 1947. France wanted to collalborate with Germany to create a New Europe. Eventually Italy and Low Countries had joined. The purpose of this was to get Germany involved so that the nation would not affect Europe's peace again. **European Union** was created, consisted of West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luzembourg, and the Netherlands. Free labor movement was encouraged and a similar tariff system was developed for the outside world.In Brussels a bureacracy system wa created, and a court system was created to handle problems. A international parliament was created by diret vote. By 2001 the currency of Euro was created. Portugal, SPain, Greece, Denmark, central Europe, and Britain had joined.
 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe**

Opputunities for women increased during WWII as jobs in factories and clerical jobs had increased. During the 1950's and continuing women in Canada, United States, and Europe still increased, espicially married women. Women however were still being paid less than men. Education gave women a greater change in gaining jobs. By the 1970's 44% increase of women getting jobs, most married and had children. More girls remained in school, however long steady jobs increased, and teenage employment decreased. Women were able to vote in France, and eventually in 1971 women could vote in Switzerland. Women had studied different things from men, and they didnt study subjects like management, science except medicine, and engineering. They were allowed to get a divorce, and abortion was easier. Birth control pill and contractive pill were developed, which stopped unwanted births. When The Second Sex was published by the French in 1949, **new feminism** began.
 * Trace developments for women in the post war West**

During 1930's and the 1940's there was an increase in political stability in the U.S, and Hitlers actions also forced people into U.S. During the post war they had some scientifdic advances such as nuclear research and also space research. European influence began to influence the United States.jm
 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe**