Islam

pg 120-125 summary
As changes occurs people began to rely more on religion for a sense of security and reassurance. Trade also began to increase which led to new inventions such as the compass and trading also allowed the expansion of the map. Many religions that had existed is continuing to spread widely. Trade allowed the spread of technology. The production of paper had sped up as time as passed. Not only technology or religion was spreading but also diseases known as the Black Death had that had wiped out one third of the population in several places. China had restored many things such as the bureaucracy and its empire. The veiling of women had also been restored, and slavery. The population consisted a huge percentage of peasants. Religions had affected women in many ways. Women had began to gain more rights however they started to lose rights that were related to politics.

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Arabia before Islam Time Period
 * E || Trade had taken place usually during the time where truces were being taken. Agriculture was possible in **Medina**. Medina had traded with the Bedouin. There was also caravan trade going on. Women had many roles one including taking part in the economy. Pilgrim shrine was very important to the shrines. Spread all over, took control of several lands. Empire was larger than Rome. ||
 * S || People like the **Bedouin** herders survived by living in groups, blood related. To survive cooperation with each other is essential. **Shaykhs** were the leader of the tribe/group; they were usually elected by elders. After the shaykhs were free warriors then slaves were under them. Women had a higher status they. Depending on some tribes both men and women were allowed to have multiple husbands/wives. Women however were still not equal to men, their status depended on what tribe they were in. Poets were really important in the tribe, liked the tribes together. Religion afftected social strucutre, believed that everyone was equal, therefore Islam spreaded rapidly. ||
 * P || Three Jewish clans and two Bedouin had ruled Mecca. People wanted Muammad to stay away from the Caba, maybe even planned an assasination. The year 622 is when islam started with Muhammad. Muhammad took over Makkeh and wanted to embrace Makkeh, it shocked people because he displayed compassion even though they fought for three years. Circled the Caba of Makkah 7 times, wanted to destroy the Gods not the Caba.Destroying the tribal rules of Makkah by destroying the statues. ||
 * I || Mecca was discovered by **Umayyad** he belongs to the clan **Quraysh**. Interacted with other tribes fought for land thought water was really precious because its hard to come by in the dry lands. Islam forces and Makkah fought, Muhammad had won the battle. Muhammad’s people had increased to 10,000. ||
 * R || **Ka’ba** consists of one of the more religious shrine during that time. Bedouin were polytheistic and animism. Religion didn’t really determine peoples actions was not a place where people got morals or ethics from, they obtain it from the code of chivalry, law. They worshipped Allah however more rituals and sacrifices had to do with gods that affect their daily lives. Prays 5 times a day. Believes that God is the onl God. Believed that Muhammad was the prophet, messenger of God. Muhammad’s parents died when he was six, raised by his uncle. Worshipped many spirts like trees.Caba is where worshipping occurs, like a shrine. Culture was very diversed, christians, jews. Black stone was thought that it fell from the sky; four leaders returned the four stone back into the Caba. Muhammad thought angel came in a form of a man and told him to recite God’s words while he was meditating on the mountains. Muhammad had to tell the people that “there is only one God”. Muhammad’s uncle and wife died at year 619. Praying together displays unity. ||
 * I || Respect for each other’s clan was very important taking water from someone else’s well was very dangerous. There was code of chivalry, theft and defeating others in horse races were disrespectful and therefore usually ends up in a fight. Poetry was what Bedouin were known for, pass on through the word of mouth. People believed that poems had magical powers. Past down poems through writing. ||
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= Summary: =
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The main idea of the video was that religion affected social structure, believed that everyone was equal, therefore Islam speeded rapidly. The year 622 is when Islam started with Muhammad. Islam Empire was larger than Rome. Muhammad took over Mecca and wanted to embrace Mecca, it shocked people because he displayed compassion even though they fought for three years. Interacted with other tribes fought for land thought water was really precious because its hard to come by in the dry lands. Islam forces and Mecca fought, Muhammad had won the battle. Muhammad’s people had increased to 10,000.Islam was able to spread quickly due to the ideas that Islam is based on, even though Muhammad had took over land they weren’t really visible in dictating places like Mecca and allowed the people to continue on with their religion therefore they became more accepted. = = =Notes on the 5 Pillars= Shahadah · Excel in life · Bring out the best In yourself · Work towards the community bring best out of it and your environment · Related to Hadith because there is Muhammad in this, the declaration of faith. · Related to Qur’an because the final part mentions that prophets were sent to humankind by God as mention in the Shahada. · Muhammad was a messenger that delivered messages for God. Salah · Has to recite 5 daily prayers each day · 1. between dawn and sunrise 2. Noon – mid-afternoon 3. During afternoon before sunset 4. Sunset. 5. after twilight – midnight. · Sun’s position tells when they need to pray · Purification step is before praying “brief ritual washing” is in need, all speak the same language, Arabic when praying. · Relates to Qur’an because they recite certain verses that are in it while standing or bowing or even kneeling. · Relates to Hadith because after that they would usually recites the words that come from the prophets. · Women pray behind men Sawn · Fasting is mostly only for adults however children can volunteer for a few days or even a day. · Fasting during one month each year. · Fasting begins with sunrise ends at sunset, after their dinner they would pray · Relates to the Qur’an because they would read one 13th of the Qur’an every night and finish at the end of the month. · Relates to Hadith because the prophets are related to the Qur’an, ties together the concept of fasting. · Fasting teaches you many lessons such as refraining oneself from bad thoughts, words, deeds, or even arguing. It teaches you to feel what others feel, ones that aren’t so lucky, and to refrain from temptation, also the concept of fasting is to purify your body. Zakah · The concept of the Zakah is to not be greedy and give at least 2.5% of your wealth to charity. · The idea is to help the less fortunate, people that aren’t as lucky as you and to remind oneself that wealth doesn’t belong to only one person but rather a gift from God. · Relates to Hadith because prophet Muhammad “precedent” the wealth was to be distributed among the people equally after collected and the extra would be given to a larger community. · Relates to the Qur’an because a quote that is taken from the Qur’an is relevant to it, and that wealth is supposed to be divided to separate categories for the people. · Even if a person does not have the ability to contribute with money they should refraining from bad deeds which is also considered as charity. Haji · Journey to makkah · Muslims need to travel to Makkah at least once in their life. · Muslims from all over would go to pray there. · This was where Abraham was willing to give up his son due God. · When people go there they would dress up in a simple road so no one would be able to differentiate if they were poor or not and this portrays unity and purity. · Relates to Hadith because this is the birth place of Muhammad, where he was preached also. · Prayers would be done here calls out **Safa** and **Marwah.** · They would exit by cutting a piece of hair then return to Makkah after the pilgrim.
 * 1) The death of Muhammad led to the expansion because when he died his disciples took over and ventured throughout the Middle East and north Africa to past on his ways, **Abu Bakr** his closest friend had took over to succeed him.
 * 2) The motivations were unity, revenge, the wealth, and also making their religion and beliefs well known.
 * 3) They were able to defeat their enemies because of internal affairs; the land was manipulating the king. Lower class had been exploited by the upper class; there was no unity which made them vulnerable. The Muslims, Arabs, and Christians had united to fight off the Byzantine Empire. Underestimated by their opponents, to late when started act.
 * 4) What caused major division in Islam was the death of the Uthman. During the **Battle of Siffin** he had stopped because the enemy had begged for mediation. Discission on who wasgoing to be the new Calith.
 * 5) The extent of Islamic empire under the Umayyad was that they wanted to strive for expansion expanded from Spain in west to central Asia.
 * 6) They were treated pretty badly; they had to pay property taxes, the **mawali**. They did not receive part of the booty that was gained from conquests, couldn’t get a fair role in the bureaucracy or the army.
 * 7) Men could have up to four wives, unless they can’t treat them equally or could not support them according to the Qur’an. Women could have only one husband. Women had active role in politics and they were in many different professions. Husband paid marriage money to women not the family.
 * 8) Factors that led to their decline was adapting to a luxurious life-style. Corruption unfair distribution of the booty collected through conquests. The Umayyad had began to lose control over what was happening. They revolted, killed the people

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Abbasid Empire Time Period **ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group Abbasid Era (part 2)
 * E || Decided to build their capital close to **Baghdad**. The commercial system had once again started to revive itself. The merchants became really wealthy because they gave business to the empire. The money that they gained had gone into other branches such as more jobs, more property being bought. The economy was really booming at this time, eve government and private owners had expanded. ||
 * S || **Wazir**, and the head caliphs were the ones that are controlling the bureaucratization. Artisans were appreciated for their skills however they were poor. Some slaves were more blessed and could have gained freedom by buying or being granted if they had determination. However some were not so blessed and had to do the hard labor. Slaves were most likely to be non-Muslim. ||
 * P || After elimination of Umayyads, wanted to establish absolute imperial order. The caliphs decided to have absolute power over Islamic religion and non- Muslim so they wanted to expand. Persians became powerful; some even came close to ruling. ||
 * I || It was harder to communicate with those further away from the capital therefore orders were more difficult to be followed. The Indian system of numbers also spread from India making its way to the Mediterranean even Italy. ||
 * R || More people began to convert to Islam, and the Mawali also became more accepted. People that converted to Muslim had more benefits such as not having to pay tax and have a better opportunity of having a better future. Money profited also went to charity as stated in the Qur’an. ||
 * I || They had recovered the writings of the Greeks. They had contributed to the advances of several subjects such as math and science. The creation of the system of numbers proved to be essential in West Europe where a Scientific Revolution had occurred. ||
 * T || The **dhows** of the Arabs had made other people became interested in its design. Medicine was better due to the profit of trading. ||

Time Period
 * E || Al-Mahdi’s ways of luxurious spending has caused a decline of money to future caliphs. The money was starting to decrease greatly as more slave armies were bought. Agriculture close to the Tigris and Euphrates River stopped. Imported cloth, glass, and even raw material. The trade routes that eventually made its way the Abbasid grew. Tee **Mongol**'s power has spread to Baghad due to the rule of **Chinggis Khan** . However by the time they reached Islam in 1258 and took over **Chinggis Khan** has passed away and his grandson **Hulegu** had succeeded the throne. However as they continue to expand their territories they were defeated by the **Mamluks,** also known as the Turkic slaves. ||
 * S || Bandits and vagabonds began to form more as the economy and life became more difficult. Women were confined to their home and were inferior to men, symbolized by the veil and harem. Concubines were mostly slaves. Both men and women slaves were non-Muslim. Slaves somewhat had more freedom then free women, such as not required to wear a veil. Even though of the economy was bad many new professions were starting to bloom such as scholars, and doctors. ||
 * P || **Al-Mahdi** was the third caliph and this was when Abbasid started to decline. After the death of al- Mahdi and his oldest son, **Harum al-Rashid** was able to take the throne. There was a power struggle between other members of the court and caliphs. Al-Ma’ mun had created a personal army. More caliphs had been killed due to the mercenary armies and eventually the armies became powerful and they were the ones that really had an influence and pulled the strings. Abbasid lost control of territories such as Egypt and Syria. The **Buyids** of Persia had overtaken Baghdad in 945. However in 1055 the **Selijuk Turks** had defeated the Buyids. The control of the caliphs minimal at this time. The Christian Crusaders wanted to seize the lands that were part of the Holy Land. Muslims and Jews were killed after seizing the land. After the death of **Saladin** in 1193 it, the crusaders were at ease however they collapse in 1291 of Acre. The language Arabic was taken out and replaced with the language of the Persians, however in other areas they were still above all. ||
 * I || He had interacted with the Charlemagne, by making them become amazed with Baghdad’s palaces and mosques. Europeans tried to replicate the damascene swords created by the Muslims. Muslims had even influenced others in entertainment such as chess. ||
 * R || People such as the **Ulma** questioned the thinking of Islamic ideas, were hesitant towards them. Good scholars believed questioning Greek traditions meant that they were going against the Qur’an. Al- Ghazali had difficulty combining traditions from the Greeks and the Qur’an together. **Sufis** were people that wanted to find a relationship to Allah, they tried to promote the God Allah in their everyday life. ||
 * I || Muslims were known for the great designs that are made onto rugs. The epic poem Shah- Nama consists of details about the history of Persia, to the battles and even love triangles. There was progress in the use of sine, cosine, and tangent. The algebraic and geometric theories had been revised. Discoveries that had been made were being able to separate things into a category of either mineral, water, or vegetable. Eighteen different major minerals were abled to be weighed due to the work of al-Biruni. Cairo had some of the bests hospitals due to the routine that they had to follow. ||
 * T || Discoveries had been made were being able to separate things into different categories either mineral, water, or vegetable. ||

Stateless societies:  Some African societies ruled in this type of way too; do not have a political power. Power was usually given to council of families, which led to no taxation, not like a regular government barely affected a majority of people. Secret societies that consisted of men and women could prevent absolute power of the one with the authority. Believed that forming a new village could resolve dilemmas that they had, the need of improvement that was caused by external pressure led to the creation of states. Songhay kingdom:  They had great power in Niger Valley, middle area. They were known as the “masters of the soils”. In the 1370’s Songhay had reestablished itself as gold began to appear. Sunni Ali ruled from 1464-1492, the size of his troops were enormous. Muslim clerics and jurists were not pleased with the pagan’s beliefs. The army of Muslims that came from Morocco had defeated the Songhay in 1591. Pagan and Muslim traditions were still spreading even after Songhay’s downfall. To protect their goods Kano and Hausa had expanded their lands. Muslims became important in African socities such as herders, and traders. Swahili Coast  The language Swahili is basically Batnu written before the 13th century. Coast of East Africa was where the people of Swahili had spread to. During 1500 the arrival of the Portuguese, the culture of the Swahili was very spread out. After their arrival there was a shift to the concentration of trade it went to Mombasa and Malindi, where eventually the Portuguese had try to invade, in 1592 they even established Fort Jesus in Mombasa however they were never successful in controlling the northern area of the Swahili coast.