Byzantines



Byzantine Flag

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Constantinople's development is affected by its geographical location because its location is a peninsula therefore it has the advantage of defense because enemies can only attack on one side, makes them less vulnerable to attacks. However it also means that if their enemy is to strong they could be cornered and that could lead to big problems. They have access to a large amount of water therefore they could depend on agriculture and trade is more easier due to the sea.

Byzantine Empire:
 * The start of the Byzantine Empire was in the 4th century C.E.
 * The capital was Constantinople
 * German invaders had conquered the west half however the east half still belonged to eastern emperors.
 * Greek became the official language after Justinian had taken the thrown and Latin was beginning to become known as the barbaric language.
 * The bureaucracy of Constantinople was expanding due to the shift and increase of trade with the Hellenized Egyptians and the Syrians.
 * Germanic invaders and the Sassanian Empire had lost to Eastern emperors.
 * Justinian the new emperor had tried to take over the territories in the west to unify the kingdom.
 * He was described in many ways some viewed him as somber, autocratic, or even villainous.
 * Theodora, was Justinian’s wife, she had a huge impact on his decisions.
 * **Hagia Sophia** is the new church that was established by Justinian, used domes, which was not able to be accomplished before.
 * Justinian was able to unify laws that were from past emperors making it easier for the citizens and prevented confusions.
 * **Belisarius** was the new general that helped Justinian gain parts of North Africa and Italy.
 * Ravenna their temporary capital consists of the most beautiful Christian mosaics, only few in the world.
 * Persian forces had caused delays in Justinian’s conquest to expand north, eventually pushed them back further but lost some land.
 * Justinian died in 565 C.E., his ambition to expand and conquer caused more tax.

Taxation on the Capital through Trade along the Seas connecting the trade, created revenue for the capital Constantinople the major city for controlling the countryside, regulating tax and control food prices. Imported silk worms from China and exported other goods such as spices and carpets to the north. Economy happened to be introduced to the Northeastern borders of the Chinese empire as well as the Asian countries. With the war against the Arab-Muslims, taxations to the people increased, and weakened the agricultural life style of some farmers. Troops were recruited locally and were rewarded with land grants for their service + allowed for the distinctions between opening classes and continuity in joint construction. Food prices were kept low, to supply the large peasant class with food Developed a trading network with Asia and Russia and Scandinavia; silk production expanded, and imported luxury goods ie. clothes, carpets, spices, which were sent north as well. The Capital helped increase denotions between the not-so-much as advanced nations and aided them/used them to supply larger nations with items of need/goods || Latin -> Greek, Latin became a barbaric language. Troops were rewarded after being recruited locally most were Armenian Christians and Slavs, known as Roman system. Queens/women were allowed to rule while ascertaining them through ceremonial powers; IE. Theodora and Zoe were appointed as joint rulers of the empire Peasant large class were vital to supplying goods and providing bulk of tax revenues. Military Leaders became hereditary leaders which displaced more traditional and better-educated rulers committed for the job, resulting in weakness of the empire. Peasant class was given the duty to pay taxes The large merchant class never gained much ground in social upheaval || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bureaucracies remained and established complex descriptions of the state to maintain the complex authorities ruled by the state. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-The emperor was the head of the church and state <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Women could obtain the imperial throne <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Theodora was able to manage unruly nobles, and and limit bureaucrat corruption <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Bureaucrats added centralized imperial authority <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Bureaucrats were trained by learning philosophy, science, and Greek classics <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Aristocrats dominated government, however talent also promoted an importance of people <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Eunuches were officials close to the emperor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Government used spies to maintain loyalty <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Provincial governors kept tracks of military authorities <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Government promoted figures to the church <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Army + military commands increased to further help prevent conquest by Arabians <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bulgarians were a strong force as well to be at bay with the Byzantines, where the political tension amongst them had created a strong disbelief in trust and structure || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle-Eastern armies + advanced boundaries to North Africa, Spain, and Italy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Interactions with Russian, they were trading partners and military. Married sister of the Byzantine Emperor. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After the raids between the North Slavic Tribes and the Persian forces that drove the empire out of place, Justinian’s successors were able to redistribute power back to the lands they lost and again uphold Christianity. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">700’s, a strong force of Arab Muslims attempted to raid the empire, and had created a similar naval power, repeatedly attacking Constantinople, and Byzatine lost over half of the regions. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle-Eastern portions of the Muslim society advanced the generally strong tensions amongst the Byzantine Empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the end, Bulgaroktonos slayed the Bulgarian empire, enslaving 15,000 Bulgarians, and advanced it’s empire to be “the strongest” in the time period <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Until the 15th century, Byzantine had closed off it’s gates to most despondent enemies who aimed to destroy the empire; he Persians, Arabs, and Turks <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Also traded actively with India, Arabs, and East Asia, while also taking in goods from the western civilizations. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek bible was translated to Latin bible, developed different rituals in the 4th century <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__Clear separation of Western and Eastern Christianity__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Eastern church the pope was first among equals. In Byzantine, papal directives had no hold in church but state became larger in control. Different monastic movements under different rules. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1054, church patriarch people like, Patriarch Michael in Constantinople raise a host of old issues like the which kind of beard for “Christ’s Last Supper” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Roman Catholic practices were attacked, popes were excommunication. Separation of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Late-12th century in Constantinople church patriarch argued Muslim rule over that of the pope <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To this day, these separation still exists. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Engineering and architecture achievements like the Hagia Sophia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Icon paintings: of religious Christian holy figures of saints. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Turkey had become a distinct city of great ambivalent Roman culture and Christianity <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek Classics, philosophy, and sciences were paralleled to the great popular advances of the church. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural life revolved around the Hellenistic periods and much on the Christian belief, assumed in art and architecture || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Attributed to having developed strong engineering and military achievements <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hagia Sophia = holy dome of wisdom, one of the greater architectural achievements that allow for the cultural value of religion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">E || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Byzantine trade centered more on the Eastern sections of the globe, China, India, Arabia, while also maintaining strong commercial values for geographic placement and interacted with less-developed nations in regards to potentially using them/ garnering simpler resources for massive distributions else where.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">s || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Societal hierarchy remained prominent in the religious life, and those that are derived from the more complex background relating to Church and of State.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The State was issued on part of a bureaucratic complex system, similar to that of China, and fully acknowledged the growing connection with the military state and the backing of it’s wars/raids.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Byzantium acknowledged the existence and potential value of the states north, west, and east of it, while also being raided constantly by Arab Muslims, and civilizations that detested the Byzantine Empire, although it was a lasting Civilization**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__Ideas of State and Church mixed together__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Byzantine conform more to their ideas of church-state relations.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The Intellectual/Cultural life mixed in with common Christian values, and Hellenistic values of old Greece, and old Roman.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Technology became a common denotation of military accomplishments, often associated for the benefit for the military needs of the State in defense to it’s borders.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Boundaries -> North Africa, Spain, Italy, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greece fire of sulfur mixture, quicklime, and [|petroleum to] defend against invading Arab Muslims who wanted to control the Byzantine empire. ||

https://crocodoc.com/gzEzv

The laws that are established follow a guide of living honestly, hurting no one and giving everyone his due. Laws would fall into a category that is made by the government, set laws, or would fall into the category of human nature laws. Whichever are the law governs it would be known as that area, such as Roman being known as Quiriees. The human instinct and code is being suppressed by the laws that established such as laws against killing, even though it is in the human instinct to kill, survive, and protect the ones that we love. People are born free or set free, those that are slave’s live tedious lives of being sold and they lose their families forever. Even though the natural human rights say that all men are born free the people just doesn’t believe in that. All laws that fall into the sub-category of marriage states that two people can’t become married if they are related in anyway which means if they have the title, not just related. Adoptions restrict one another from being married such as a brother having an adopted sister. A man also cannot have two wives.

Division of things
 * If you find something then its yours
 * Cannot own nature
 * You have to give it back if person claims the lost item or divide it.

Obligations
 * Tie of law binds us according to rules of civil law.
 * Two type civil and praetorian.
 * Praetorian is social and civil is government.

1. They were missionaries sent by the Byzantine government in 864. They created a written language for Slavic, known as Cyrillic. 2. The events were that Jews had been migrating away from the Middle East and escaping from Western Europe, Poland had gained the most amounts of Jews. The Crusades and the Jews were beginning to gain power. They were able to produce their own religious beliefs. 3. The Slavs had mixed with the Bulgarians who could already speak the language and follow the customs. During the 6th and 7th century traders of Scandinavia began to work their way up the river of western Russia through the Norse trader routes which led to the Byzantine Empire. Trading between Constantinople and Scandinavia began to form. Governments were being placed through the trade routes that Scandinavia had especially in Kiev. Rurik became the first king of Kievan Rus around 855 C.E. Kievan Rus became a great trading center, Constantinople and the Russians had move contact ever since. The people of Kievan Rus were Christians. Yaroslav was the last great prince of Kievan Rus and he declared something known as a legal codification where buildings and churches and arranging translation of religious literature from Greek to Slavic. 4. The decision made by Vladimir 1 was what decision he needed to decide for him and his people. 5. Similarities were that Russian had a feeling of almsgiving. Russian literature had used the Cyrillic alphabet. Disasters were seen as the wrath of God towards the evil of human nature. Paintings of Russia consist of religion and it was eventually followed by Kievan. Orthodox churches began to build churches similar to Byzantine churches consisting of a cross mounted in the shape of a dome. Yaroslav used Byzantine law as a guide for Russia’s first law. 6. Factors were invaders from Asia. The decline of Byzantine Empire decreased the trade of Russia. Invasions of Mongols had invaded twice invaded from central Asia throughout Russia and other parts of the area. Tatar had controlled Russia for over two centuries. In 1453 the Turks had controlled Constantinople.

Eastern and Western Europe: The problem of Boundaries Deciding when one civilization ends to another begins is difficult because many factors have to be evaluated to decide such as internal cultural differences, or even political units. If a civilization was to be divided by its main culture then it would refer to the Orthodox and Catholic territories, where the eastern and western Europe had divided. Hungary, Baltic States, and some areas in Poland are western. Russia had interacted less with Western Europe then Catholic regions and Poland. Poland, Lithuania, and Poland had formed kingdoms; however they were not as organized as Western Europe. The economic structure of Poland and Hungary had differed; both had more similarities with Russia rather than Western Europe. Mongols had conquered Hungary and Poland. In 1989 Russia had lost many territories.

Chapter Summary:

The start of the Byzantine Empire was in the 4th century C.E, Eastern Europe started with the Constantinople as the Capital of the Byzantine Empire, the empire had lasted around 1000 years. Started because the Romans had made Constantinople the capital. What had risen in Constantinople was the Orthodox Christian that had influenced many areas of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe was slightly more advanced then Western Europe in different categories. Latin was known to be the original language however as Emperor Justinian had claimed the thrown Greek became the official language and Latin was known to be Barbaric. Justinian the new emperor had tried to take over the territories in the west to unify the kingdom. He was described in many ways some viewed him as somber, autocratic, or even villainous. Theodora, was Justinian’s wife, she had a huge impact on his decisions. **Hagia Sophia** is the new church that was established by Justinian, used domes, which was not able to be accomplished before. **Belisarius** was the new general that helped Justinian gain parts of North Africa and Italy. Ravenna their temporary capital consists of the most beautiful Christian mosaics, only few in the world. Persian forces had caused delays in Justinian’s conquest to expand north, eventually pushed them back further but lost some land. Justinian died in 565 C.E., his ambition to expand and conquer caused more tax. During the 7th century the Middle East had converted to Christianity. Arab Muslims had created naval ships and attacked Constantinople. The **Greek Fire** was a new invention that allowed the Byzantine Empire to hold off invaders from 717-718 C.E. Byzantine Empire had many similarities to China such as the bureaucrats, Theodora had power to stop bureaucratic corruption from expanding. Byzantine emperors had become influenced by the ways of the Romans and had recruit troops and rewarding them with land.