Western+Europes

Worldology:

1. The Christian Churches started to control beliefs. The clergy began to monopolize because Europe began to be ruled by uneducated tribal people due to less interactions with other cultures. The dark ages began to steepen because the clergy mostly focused on religious doctrines. Kings that sided with the churches gained a political advantage. Absolute monarchy existed in Christianity, and Kings that appeared with the Pope displayed and enforced their powers. In Italy the Lombards had converted to Christianity therefore they had gained the support of the churches. The Visigoths also gained support of the churches by converting to Christianity. Frankish King Clovis had converted to Christianity which allowed the Frankish kingdom to gain support of the church.

2.Farming just couldn’t support the large population of Scandinavians therefore they ventured out to see and the good weather had helped their cause. Lands that were not protected as Northern Mainland and the coast of Britain were being raided by Scandinavians and led to the capture of the slaves. The valuables of monasteries were also being threatened. Frankish Empire was under the rule of Charles Martel; he decided to expand east, ruled Germanic tribes. Charles had made the Frankish Empire the most powerful kingdom in medieval time, Charlemagne was his grandson. He would promote new ways to hold swords, and the idea of heavy armor, weapons, took over a lot of Europe. Germanic tribes that were conquered by Charles had preserved their own language.

3.Charlemagne had become king in 771 also known as first king to be protector of Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope in 800, died in 814. Conquered Northern Italy in 774, Avar in 810, conquered most of Germanic land 772-814. Charlemagne welcomed Jewish people in his kingdom. The Frankish Empire had successful leaders. Introduced new effective ways to wield weapons and wear heavy armor. They had spread more effectively because they were more accepted, and did not really have any great threats. They didn’t place heavy tax and they shared personal wealth.

4.Feudalism is when a monarch allows feudal lords land in exchange for his services in the military, for protection. Urbanization and Unification was decreasing because the economy was based on feudalism and the law too. Feudal lords had basically owned the peasants.

5.Christianity was the most popular in this continent, barbaric by this time had become Christians. Christian crusades had sparked up interest in Asia, such as trade and science and enlightenment of Islam. Soldiers with potential had been developing during the invasions; their motivation was glory and wealth. Conquered Dutch in 1000- 1433, Kingdom of Burgundy in 1032, and Bohemia in 1018. German Emperors could appoint the pope and clergy. Otto 1 had conquered Italy.

6.England was conquered by Norman in 1066. Magna Carta proposed in 1215, this event was when King John in London had abused his rights so much that they had to march into London and forced him to agree with the rights that they had presented him. There were many effects of the Crusades such as influence on Asia, showed Europe that Asia was more advanced than Europe in certain areas, contributed to competition therefore the renaissance in Europe. Anti- Semitism had increased, Loyalty of Christianity had rise. This meant that Jewish people became an outcast, their communities were destroyed and there was violence towards them. Christians became ruthless and violent, attacking Jews and destroying Muslims wherever they encounter on their way to the Middle East. Ottoman Empire had conquered the Byzantine because of the vulnerability, damage that Byzantine had suffered and the Crusaders were hesitant to conquer Constantinople. The attacks on Jews and Muslims were used against the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th, during Protestant Reformation. The Crusaders remove Islam and Judaism no matter what the price is and attacking of the Jews. Muslim and Jewish people that lived in Jerusalem when captured were killed.

7.Mongols had to move west because of dry weather, they had skills that proved to be beneficial in military such as bow skills and horsemanship. As they conquer new lands, they had forced people to join them and fight or they will die. Rus had to follow their rules, large taxes and tributes were extracted. They conquered the trade roués from Europe to Asia, northern parts. They had learned more about other areas and not just military, such as government and science. Due to the effects of the Black Plague it made Europe vulnerable for them to conquer these areas. The Bubonic Plague occurred in 1347. The Black Plague killed about 75 million, half the population in Europe. Southern areas had a higher percent of death and north had less. The cause of this plague was because of the rats, introduced by Mongols that had invaded the area, introduced to Europeans and Arabs. The large population and the famine in the 14th century had contributed to the spread of the plague, finally the plague had disappeared in the 19th century.

media type="custom" key="7509623" Serfs had lived in the land that belonged to the landlords, in exchange for the protection from the landlords they would give parts of their gatherings of crops. Life was tedious as a serf due to the lack of efficiency of the tools that were available until the moldboard that was introduced in the 9th century that improved their working ability. Not only that but serfs had to work under the control of the landlord or even fix his house, and other use of his house such as the mills required a fee. The family of the Carolingian was the new royal family of the Franks, Charles the Hammer had defeated the Muslims in 732 due to their exhaustion. Charlemagne had died in 814, he had established a strong empire in France and Germany in 800 C.E. His empire was split into three as a result of his death, successors were also known as Holy Roman emperors. The Pope had control of the churches then came the bishops usually assigned by the monarch and lords, bishops had control over local priest. The pope had the authority to control the doctrine which had unified Christian faith. The expenses of the missionaries were paid by the church. Missionaries that converted from English to Christianity were known as Papal. Had spread the religion as far as north and east of Germany and even Scandinavia by the 10th century.

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The feudal system was linked to mainly lords that were able to buy horses and had the proper weapons for fighting. Lords usually formed **vassals** with others, helping lesser lords in exchange for military services, payment of advice. Feudalism had linked Charlemagne's empire, he rewarded military leaders with land. The relationships of feudalism had reduced the price of local warfare, also helped established strong central states. Vassals were being assembled in groups of five to ten landlords which can form into raiding parties, occured right after the collapse of Rome. The Royal family of Capetain and the kings of France formed a link in the 10th century. Marriage was a way that kings and lords had built their feudal relationship. During the 14th century the king of France could make a church pay tax due to centralization. William the conqueror known as the duke of Normandy had invaded England in 1066, he had formed feudal links too, rewarded lords for their military services with land. Feudal monarchy has centralized China. Italy and Germany that the Holy Roman emperors had controlled was divided into city-states, that the feudal lords had controlled. Even though the church has limited power mostly made decisions based of faith, their religious duties, they had limited political power. Monarchy power has also disturbed aristocratic power. King John of England had faced his disagreements of taxation of his allies, he was defeated by France in 1215, he was forced to sign the Magna carter due to rebellions. Therefore it led to him needed the consent of churches to assign bishops and the consent of lords in order to place tax.

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The Magna Carter consists of laws that are presented to King John. Laws that were used to propose rights of the people and forced King John into signing the Magna Carter because King John was abusing his rights and was doing what he wanted such as needing the consents of the lords to impose tax. The political landscape was that there was alot of restrictions related to baliffs so that the baliffs cant be corrupt, which shows that the baliffs were corrupt before.The Magna Carter consists of laws such as children under the age of 21 cannot inherit the land and will be held onto by another person and they must keep the land in the same condition that it was presented to him until the heir of land comes to the age of 21. There is knights fee that is required for the inheritence to pay unless it becomes unnecessary. The people cannot abuse the land, misuse it in any way. The widow is to inherit one third of her husband's possesions, she will be placed under another roof for care if the house is supposedley a castle. Commoners are allowed to be representented by the person they choose in another area. Everyone must be treated equally and punished equally.Anyone living in the land for one year and one day is officially free. Someone cannot take something without paying for it unless they have the intention to pay for it later.

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Western Europe Time Period The collapse of the Roman Empire had caused Western Europe to separate. Christianity was the main religion that had dominated Western Europe, people began to convert to Christianity just to gain support of the churches because during this time the churches had a great influence on people. Charlemagne had ruled after Charles Martel, he was able to defeat the Muslims in the battle of the Tours in 732 which was important because it allowed Europe to be with Christianity. After the death of Charlemagne his empire was split into three passing it on to his three successors also known as the Holy Roman emperors. There was the system of manorialism and fuedalism. In order to survive after the Fall of Rome vassals were being created, bonds where military service, and goods were being given to provide protection, groups of vassals were being established. The bond of fuedalism and manorialism was not just between lords and commoners it was also between lords and kings, marriages were made to keep a strong relationship and a new bond to be created. Often the monarchy would rewards lords with land. In 1066 William the Conqueror had invaded England. Fuedal lords had also taken part in controlling the areas that the Holy Roman Emperors had inherited. In 1215 the Magna Carter had been signed by King John, he was forced to sign it because he was abusing his powers and placing tax whenever he pleased. However after signing it, he needs the consent of lords to actually place taxes, and needed the permission of the church to appoint bishops. There was a representation called the parliament however it only represented people that had opportunities, and did not represent individuals. The **three estates** were also represented by the parliament. The Hundred Years War had occured in the 14 century between England and France because England had controlled of French territories.
 * E || Charlemagne had died in 814, he had established a strong empire in France and Germany in 800 C.E Population growth encouraged economic growth, and therefore growth of trade and expansions of towns were necessary. Hundred Years War was between France and England how England had some control over the territories of France. Merchants had invested in trading ships, and goods that they had carried. ﻿ Guilds promoted agriculture, and trade within the costal seas, alliances between other nations. Trading companies were growing stonger and more stable, more reliable then individual merchants. Nobles dominated the economic system.﻿ Crusades and the plague. Capitalism started to develop. ||
 * S || Magna Carter was made in 1215 and proposed to King John to sign because he was abusing his powers and imposing taxes whenever he pleased. Serfs had lived in the land that belonged to the landlords; in exchange for the protection from the landlords they would give parts of their gatherings of crops. The family of the Carolingian was the new royal family of the Franks, Charles the Hammer had defeated the Muslims in 732 due to their exhaustion. Parliament had represented with higher status and not individuals. Three estates were urban leaders, church, and nobles. ﻿Guild aided people in trade, ptoduce food, and sell goods.The provided alternate marriages by working in the abbeys as nuns. The social classes have manorilism and fuedalism. Women had less power if though they gained more oppurtunities. ||
 * P || Manorialism a relationship between landlords and peasants. Clovis, in 496 C.E. had converted to Christianity, and he was a warrior chieftain. Feudalism was a relationship made between kings and lords through marriage alliances, or even vassals together and sometimes with peasants’ too.Vassals was formed after the fall of Rome, where lords would protect lesser lords and in return they would give something like goods, or military service. William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy and he went to England in 1066 to invade. Languages were barriers between interactions. Magna Carter came in power and parliment came in power. Politics beganto become more religiously oriented. There wasnt an equal political system. ||
 * I || Vikings, known as Scandinavian sea people were raiding the west. Holy Roman emperors were also known as the successors of Charlemagne. Western Europe had interacted with other parts of the world. Traded with Asia because they were interested in the spices which have many uses such as flavoring food and used to preserve meat. The Hundred Years War was between France and England. ||
 * R || Pope had the highest status in the church following the bishop appointed by lords and kings, after local priests. Thomas Aquinas was a religious scholar and an Italian monk and he was very intelligent. The pope had the authority to control the doctrine which had unified Christian faith. Schools began to be established near cathedrals to train children who were going to have a career in church. ﻿ ﻿ ﻿Little intellectual activity. Cultural practices was to collect ancient text and preserve for historical events. Literature was more philisophical. Vanecular language was created, common language. ||
 * I || Three- field system, a system where only two thirds of the land was used and the rest was left to gain nutrients to grow. Gothic architectures were being built, influenced by the Muslims, during 11th century. Beowulf was the first known story written in English. There was also comic tales such as the Canterbury tales. Spice was also being used for medical purposes. ﻿ ||
 * T || Moldboard introduced in 9th century allowed the people to mix the soil deeper. ﻿ Created agricultural technology. Horse collars were created so that horses wouldnt choke. ||

The Decline of Medieval Synthesis
 * · The Hundred Years war occurred in the 15th century portrayed the weakness of the monarchy in France.
 * · The Feudal lords powers were being challenged as archers learned new techniques which allowed them to become more than ordinary archers, were able to defeat warriors with armor.
 * · Joan of Arc a peasant woman had been essential to the victory of France, she was a leader.
 * · Agriculture couldn’t support the population any longer. Lands that had been saved up to let them become fertile were no longer useful; also there were no new technological advances.
 * · The outcome of the events was famine and that led a decrease in the population.
 * · In 1348 there was the Black Death which led to a huge decrease in the population.
 * · There was a social conflict between classes however the dispute began to become resolved as the 16th approaches and a new social structure was being established.
 * · Aristocracy began to displayed confusion to the public in the 14th century.
 * · New types of military weapons began to surface such as the cannon and gunpowder.
 * · There was a code of chivalry that men had to follow and watch their behavior towards things including behavior towards women.
 * · There was a power shift that occurred between the state and the church. Papacy was influenced by the French kings.
 * · Churches became too involved in political side that they had put aside the spiritual side.
 * · Many people claim they have a higher connection with God such as the Mystics that were mainly consisted of women which made people neglect the church.
 * · Gothic art and universities were known in the Western society.
 * · West Africa and Japan was what rule in Europe looks like divided.