Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)

MI: Before WWI Africa was ruled by the Europeans, however not all had objected this rule such as the Western-educated Africans, they were loyal to the French and the British. Eventually as time progressed demand for supplies had dropped, so did the the shipping shortages that were occurring. After the war more riots and strikes broke out.
 * The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa**
 * Africa under colonial rule before WWI.
 * end of 19th century = Western educated Africans = west + south central Africa.
 * During WWI Western-educated Africans loyal to French + British.
 * Demand for supplies dropped, Ex. Cocoa, shipping shortages from African merchants + farmers.
 * strikes + riots after war.
 * 1930's protests became more intense.
 * **Marcus Garvey + W.E.B Du Bois,** major impact of emerging African nationalist leaders.
 * 1920's build **pan- African organizations,** leaders were West Indian + African American delegates.
 * nationalists British + French go different ways 1920's.
 * **Negritude** - literary movement, did alot to fight racial stereotyping.
 * pan-colony associations gave way to political groups, 1920's.


 * The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa**
 * MI:** WWII was more disruptive than WWI, things like forced labor, confiscations of crops, and inflation's had returned in order to supply for the war. More factories were created in order to produce the items they needed quickly such as food, and vegetable oil. Educated Africans gained more representation in legislative body and eventually they gained control of the administration.
 * WWII = forced labor, confiscations of crops, and inflation.
 * African recruits, able to used European weapon against them.
 * racial discrimination for African soldiers when returning from war.
 * vegetable oils, foods, minerals in south and Western Africa, were made in factories that had been created to make them quickly.
 * Two paths to decolonize in nonsettler Africa in post war. 1) Kwame Nrumah. --> large amount of contacts with nationalist leaders in French West Africa + British + civil rights leader in America.
 * Nkrumah resigned and created the **Convention peoples Party.**
 * Educated Africans = more representation in legislative body = took over administration.
 * Devolution of power to African nationalists = independence of British nonsettler colonies in black Africa = 1960's.
 * Slow French retreat = African leader, retain French cultural ties + economy.
 * France's west African colonies free = 1960.
 * 16 African college graduates in 1960, population over 13 million.


 * Repression and Guerilla War: The Struggle for Settler Colonies.**
 * MI: Settlers began to dominate different areas, they did not want reforms that would force them to give up their lands. During the 19th and the **20th century ,Europeans intended to settle in areas like Kenya, Algeria, Southern Rhodesia, and Kenya. African leaders such as Kenyatta wanted more rights, they wanted to gain independence, however he was imprisoned, however when released he became a spokesperson for Africans in Kenya.


 * 19 + 20th century Europeans intended to settle in areas like Kenya, Algeria, Southern Rhodesia, + Kenya.
 * rise of indigenous nationalists movements were blocked due to European presence in Algeria, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa.
 * Settlers didn't want to allow any reforms that would make them give up any land.
 * African leaders = violent = struggles to gain independence.
 * **Kenya African Union =** focused around radical leaders.
 * 1950's = **Land Freedom Army =** terror + guerrilla warfare campaign ---> Africans + settlers + British.
 * 200,000 rebels, capital of Nairobi + central Kenyan highlands in 1954.
 * British imprisoned Kenyatta + crushed guerrilla movement.
 * British negotiate with nationalists even with European settlers objecting.
 * Spokesperson for Africans of Kenya was Kenyatta when he was released.
 * **National Liberation Front =** 1950's revolt against settlers + French rule.
 * **Secret Army Organization =** 1960 ---> against Berbers, Arabs + French who wanted independence.
 * 1962 Algerians won independence.


 * The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa**
 * MI:** There was white dominance in South Africa mostly the Dutch descended Afrikaners and the English speakers. Afrikaners were being treated poorly, also the blacks and Indians had limited rights. and they were not allowed to vote. The **Afrikaner National Party** was created to save the best jobs for whites and to place dominance of the whites over the economy, social life, and politics.

and they became French citizens. || Revolution named Million man revolution. || Muhammed Ahmed Ben Bella president of Algeria after the war. ruling became autocratic. became involved in foreighn affairs. || gained independence 1962 from France. || Angola posesses a republican government. Portugese law system based on Portugese civil law system. || in agricultural asociety, uprise against cotton uprising, because gov took heavy taxes. || Holden Alvaro Roberto started first nationalist movement. President over 30 years Jose Eduardo DOs Santos. ||  || Patrice Lumumba- first prime minister of the replubic of Congo, assassinated by Mobutu, assassinated when asked for help. Kabila came into power ater second war. || Belgium gave them control. June 30, 1960 gained independence. || 1891 France declared independece from Senegal. || corruption and favortism in the government, low literacy rates. Free enterprise = stimulation of economic activity. ||  || Guinea gained independence on Oct 2, 1958 || RIse of power of Charles de Gaulle 1958.= referendu on september 28, 1958. || June 26,1960 became independent. || Gained independence from Britain
 * End of white settlements dominating in Portuguese colonies of Angola, Southern Rhodesia and Mozambique in 1980 and 1975.
 * White dominance = South Africa.
 * South Africa = Dutch descended Afrikaners / with English speakers.
 * Afrikaners had no backup homeland but settlers in Algeria and Kenya did.
 * harsh treatment of Boer children and women = ten of thousands died in concentration camps.
 * **Afrikaner National Party** = 1930's- 1940's.
 * emerge in 1948 as majority of all- white South African legislature ---> focused on winning independence from Britain.
 * 1948 - **apartheid** emerged, new racial segregation system = saved best jobs for whites.
 * black + indians denied the right to vote, limited higher education for blacks.
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria ||  || Algeria under French captured them in 1830,
 * Angola ||  || Portugese arrive 1483, Portugese gained control over Angola n 1885- 1930 guerrilla war beigns in 1950's - 1961.
 * Belgian Congo ||  || Leopod using money for himself, people were suffering. || independece movements > establishment of independent state, triggers for change ---> 1903 Leoparld scandal and his corruption, gov policy in first and second war caused change in gov order. || Leopold II established Congo Free State.
 * Ghana ||  || Covention Peoples Part created in 1949. 1954 gained large amount of legislative seats. || peaceful movements, triggers for change were forced labors and confiscation of crops, control markerts = inflation || Kwane Nkrumah - founded Convention Peoples Party. || March 6, 1957 from British Colonies ||
 * Guinea ||  || 1891 Guinea was released from Senegal.
 * Kenya ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Madagascar ||  || Independent kingdom until 1896 until the French colonized it. || Malasy revolt organized by the MDRM 1947. || 1959- Tsiranana became president.
 * South Africa ||