The+Americas

You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Aztecs Time Period: 1) God of fertility, god of agricultural cycle like Tlaloc 2) Creator deities, gods/ goddesses that brought the universe into being. 3) Cult of warfare, and sacrifices built on the Mesoamerican tradition that existed before, and cult of state. The Aztecs were also known as Mexica, they had lived around Lake Texcoco because they believed that a sign will appear when it was their time to stop wandering and it did appear, supposedly. The Aztecs had depended on agriculture for food and survival. The Aztecs had rise and form as an imperial state. The Aztecs believed that human sacrifices were able to keep their god happy. Therefore they would sacrifice war captives at the top of the shrine and they would take out their heart. There was a transformation in the Aztecs, at first they were clans or groups, however they eventually became a strong and powerful and had created a society. They had a reputation of being tough warriors however also religious followers of God. Aztecs had expanded its power from Tarascan frontier to the Maya area, made people do things like give up their time for military service, give up land or even pay tributes. **C** **alpulli** was what the Aztecs were divided into while they were still wandering. The calpulli had many duties such as creating military units during war. In social classes people were born into them however there were a few exceptions of commoners being promoted to nobles. Women were allowed to inherit possessions. **ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group Incas Time Period The Incas lived in Cuzco because of the mythical leader that had brought them there around 1350 C.E. The Incas had also depended on agriculture for survival. They had no system of writing however they had The **Quipu** which is system they used of knotted strings to record information and numbers, kept financial records and functioned like an abacus. The **Temple of the Sun** was the most important and it was the center of the state. The huacas was where sacrifices were being made, humans, or animals. They had respected their ancestors and their rulers also therefore deceased rulers were mummified, and paraded in public, they were also were offered food and gifts. Women had more of a bond towards the moon god and the fertility deities. Religion was very important to them just like how important it was to the Aztecs. Women had passed property rights to their daughters and men had passed them to their sons.The **Yanas** had to permanently work under the nobles, or Inca, they were taken out of their ayllus.
 * ESPIRIT Chart**
 * E || * Agriculture contributed to the growth of the Aztecs helped feed the people.
 * Food was used as tribute.
 * Chinampas was created for agriculture; they were beds of weeds with water, mud, and the earth that is in frames, created by canes which are connected to the floor.
 * Small islands were created to allow water to be able to reach all the plants.
 * More than 20,000 acres of Chinampas were created.
 * Chinampas was used before however was not successful until after the 1200 because the level of water was too high.
 * Slaves would usually work in a noble’s private owned land.
 * Cacao beans, gold dust usually were the currency however barters more often used.
 * **Pochteca** were the special merchant class that specialized in trading long distance of items like cacao or tropical birds.
 * Markets were being controlled by people like the judge.
 * Long distance trade
 * produced maize, corn ||
 * S || * There were about 10,000 people in the tribe.
 * The Aztecs spoke Nahuatl.
 * Lived around shores for about a century, settled temporarily because they were also kicked out by their neighbors, because they were more powerful.
 * Reputation of tough warriors, and strong followers of gods.
 * Aztecs had expanded its power from Tarascan frontier to the Maya area, made people do things like give up their time for military service, give up land or even pay tributes.
 * There was a transformation in the Mexica, once they were loose clans however they had changed into a strong, powerful society.
 * War slaves were used as human- sacrifices.
 * **Calpulli** was what the Aztecs were divided into while they were still wandering.
 * The calpulli had many duties such as creating military units during war.
 * You were born into status, however some commoners can be promoted to a noble.
 * There was a power struggle between social classes,conflict.
 * There were serfs that had a very low status however still higher than slaves.
 * Older women had to teach younger women.
 * Women could inherit property.
 * Women spent 6 hours a day to prepare food. ||
 * P || * The Aztecs had rise in the form of an imperial state.
 * Used political anarchy to break through sedentary agricultural people.
 * Aztecs rise as independent power.
 * Aztecs and Tenochtitlan had power over allies, and had the major share of lands. ||
 * I || * People that had ruled over the area disliked the Aztecs.
 * People thought they could be good allies or mercenaries because they were able to fight. ||
 * R || * Offered human- sacrifices.
 * Believed that wandering will end when “they saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a serpent in its beak”.
 * Believed in gods and deities, gods like god of rain, corn, and water.
 * Festivals were held to support the gods and also human-sacrifices to please the gods.
 * There was three major themes/cults to the gods
 * The Aztec tribal patron Huitzilopochtli was the main figure of the cult.
 * To them Huitzilopochtli was similar to the sun god, believed that he was the warrior in the day that is fighting for the warmth and life, against night.
 * There was cannibalism as part of the tradition just like human sacrificing.
 * The Aztecs questioned life, and religion. ||
 * I || * Aztec poetry and religious art consisted of things just as blood and the human arts, believed that it essential to the Gods, there was also flowers, and birds. ||
 * T || * Chinampas was created for agriculture; they were beds of weeds with water, mud, and the earth that is in frames, created by canes which are connected to the floor. ||
 * E || * State regulated production and there was limitation to trade.
 * Incas had depended on agriculture also.
 * Were self-sufficent therefore they traded within themselves.
 * produced maize, corn ||
 * S || * Conquered people were enlisted in the army however they were rewarded for any new conquests.
 * Conquered land was being distributed to people, and even the state.
 * Incas only required tribute of time and doing labor, **mita** was very important.
 * Women were also taken as concubines.
 * Women had passed property rights to their daughters and men had passed them to their sons.
 * Women had more of a bond towards the moon god and the fertility deities.
 * The **Yanas** had to permanently work under the nobles, or Inca.
 * Big ears were well respected, meant nobles.
 * Marriages were made to create alliances between people, groups. ||
 * P || * After being brought to Cuzco by a mythical leader under inca, **Pachacuti** created alliances that eventually led to the domination of the area expanding from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca.
 * Topac Yupanqui his successor took over the north kingdom of Chimor, and conquered the southern area.
 * Huayna Capac was the next ruler and he had kept down the forces of rebellions.
 * **Twantinsuyu** was what they called the Inca Empire, and during his death it extends from Colombia to Chile and eastward from Lake Titicaca and Bolivia to northern Argrentina.
 * Empire ruled by an inca, ruled from Cuzco in his court.
 * There was a bureaucracy, nobles had an important role.
 * The curacas did not have to pay tribute. ||
 * I ||  ||
 * R || * Ancestors were important.
 * Deceased rulers were mummified, and paraded in public, they were also were offered food and gifts.
 * **Split Inheritance** – title of ruler and political power went to successor, however possession and wealth, palaces, went to the male descendants, which supported the cult of the dead inca’s mummy forever.
 * **Temple of the Sun** was the most important and it was the center of the state.
 * Other gods and deities were also being worshipped.
 * Huacas was where sacrifices were being made, humans, or animals.
 * Temple priests had an important role of preparing festivals and celebrations. ||
 * I || * Metalworking was advanced; artisans had really good skills when they were working with silver and gold.
 * Bronze and copper were used for tools and weapons.
 * Had no system of writing.
 * **Quipu**- a system they used of knotted strings to record information and numbers, kept financial records and functioned like an abacus.
 * 2500 miles of road had linked the empire together.
 * Stone-buildings were really accurate and the best buildings were built out of stone. ||
 * T || * Roads with bridges were being built.
 * **Tambos-** placed at every day’s amount of walking its purpose was for rest stops, inns, or even storehouses. ||

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The issue is that North Korea is enriching uranium and calling it civilian nuclear power, instead of military power. North Korea is violating the laws of agreement that is made with the U.N. by developing further into making nuclear power. However they are denying that its not threatening, they are just developing it. Even though they are making nuclear power reactors it goes against what they agreed upon. Also it is clearly not a peaceful act, enriching uranium for nuclear weapons is clearly an act of war, there is no need enriching uranium even low- enrichment is not necessary unless they are planning something they will cause destruction, devastation. Not only that but they are also making missiles that are able to carry nuclear weapons which is even more dangerous. I also thought about declaring a military attack just like it was mentioned in the article however it is also a bad idea because no they are able to enrich uranium they are able to find a second way to make atomic bombs, which is disastrous cause if we attack them they could just attack us. What makes it worse is that with uranium they are able to upgrade weapons. Also its harder to surveillance them because there is no need of an explosion therefore they could test it inside research facilities which makes it more dangerous because we don't know what they are doing. My thought is that even though we are slightly under a disadvantage also, we should still do something that shows them who is boss, because they can't go around bossing us and negotiate with us because they are able to enrich uranium.