INDIA

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
During WWI the Europeans had fought for the first time. During this time expansion of India industrial production was encouraged by Britain because of the war. During this time also Asian and African administrators were appointed by the British and French.
 * European fought each other first time in WWI
 * African + Asian and laborers in Western Front + Egypt + Mesopotamia, Palestine, east Africa.
 * Material + food provided for Triple Entente
 * Expansion of India industrial production encouraged by Britain.
 * Asian + African soldiers ordered by Europeans to kill other Europeans.
 * Vacant spots of administrators sometimes replaced with Asian or African administrators by the British and French.
 * Promises made French + Britain post war settlement.
 * Doubt that Europeans were superior = WWI

**India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj**
India was being treated unfairly in the bureacracy had low wages, little oppurtunity due to racsim that was pressent between them. The Indianleaders had formed a Congress Party in 1885. The National Congress Party led the Indians to independence.
 * Asian colonies took action before Africa because they were colonized before them.
 * Indian nationalist movement created patterns of nationalist challenge followed by European retreat was because of India's role and size in Britain.
 * Egypt was influential center of nationalist organization + resistant in WWI era.
 * Conditions of Asia + Africa important for change in sequence of decolonization of India + Egypt.
 * **National Congress Party --->** led Indians to independence.
 * associations of Western- educated Indian --> study clubs, associations in Madras, Calcutta, Poona, + Bombay.
 * 1885 Congress Party formed by India leaders ---> blessed by British officials.
 * issues like grow poverty of India and drain of wealth from Great Britain.
 * Debates of India representation in bureaucracy.
 * Congress Party = Indian = little pay + little opportunity.

Social Foundations of a Mass movement

 * 19th century search of indian population to enter nationalist community.
 * British favoritism had angered Indian businessmen, most that backed up Congress Party.
 * Indians basically paid for British wars.
 * Paid for British administrators and manufactured goods.
 * Indian peasantry pushed --> production of cash crops ---> pushed by policies of British.
 * Radical Indian Nationalists believed that the British were the ones to blame for famines and diseases.

The Rise of Militant Nationalism

 * Hindus involved when building mass base. ---> campaigns for protection of cows
 * Muslims alienated ---> ate beef + 1/4 population of empire.
 * **B. G. Tilak,** concerned by spilt.i
 * Hindu pop greater therefore believed that they should be followed.
 * Tilak opposed women education and raised low marriage age of women.
 * festival for Hindu Gods --> political demonstrations.
 * wanted boycott of British goods.
 * Encouraged Indians to not accept colonial administration + military.
 * Tilak wanted independence, if British didn't accept then they would rebel.
 * Tilak was popular.


 * Emergence of gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle**


 * India played crucial role in British War effort.
 * War effort of Indian soldiers in Middle East and Africa.
 * Indian selling British War bonds.
 * Inflation of Indian prices due to war.
 * shipping shortages due to war.
 * drops on Indian wages, however bosses grew rich.
 * British did not keep promise that was made to Indians.
 * **Montagu- Chelmsford reforms** 1919 --> raised Indian hopes.
 * **Rowlatt Act**, placed restrictions on freedom + press.
 * **Mohandas Gandhi** > new leader.

The Winning of Indepedence in South and Southeast Asia.

 * WWII ended accomodation b/t Indian National Congress British 1930's
 * Congress offered help if British would give power + commit to Indian Independence.
 * Gandhi, Nehru, other congress politicans sent to kail because responded with repression + mass arrest.
 * Muslim League supported British cause.
 * Muhammad Ali Jannah won favor from British.
 * Viceroy in Indian + Winston Churchill rejected.
 * Sir Strafford Crisps sent to India 1942 to see if deal could be made with Indian leaders.
 * India divided + British intransigence led to Cripp's intention to + **Quit India Movement** in 1942, summer renewed mass civil disobidience campaign.
 * Inflation ---> famine 1943 + 1944, war the transport shortages
 * 1945 election Winston Churchill.

Leader Analysis Sheet
 * Name of Leader: Mohandas Ghandi ||
 * Lifespan 1869 - 1948 || Title: ||
 * Country/region: || Years in Power: ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power : became legal consultant for an certain Indian shipping + trading company. Became more shaper in South Africa due to discrimination gained more knowledge in politics. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals: Studied law in England against the wishes of his family in 1888. Goal was to become a lawyer succeeded in 1891, then returned to India.Spent about a year traveling by train to examine the corruption of the governments, wanted change. Seven years he was gone to talk about things like women, children, and the untouchables being treated harshly around India.(1933) ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: He had assisted in organizing a nationwide protests that opposes the Rowlatt act, the legislation had focused on stopping Indian nationalism, and stopping their rights to protest and public organizations.(1919) Large amount of boycotting British goods + British economic exploiting India.(1920) He had organized another strike in 1928 in Bardoli, Gujarat province, a tax strike, because the constitutional reform committee did not consist of one Indian member. During the Salt Act of 1882 Ghandi had picked up salt at Dandi, him and 100,000 protestors were arrested, however eventually was released. Protest of 1940 due to British getting India involved in WWII without their consent Ghandi + 100,000 protestors arrested. ||
 * Short-Term effects: 1899-1902 Indian Ambulance Corps was created to help British soldiers. || Long-Term Effects: 1894 gave voice of Indians to South African politics by creating Natal Indian Congress. Fought for the rights of the **untouchables,** for the rest of his life. Sentenced to six years in jail for seditious acts according to British officials, however released after 2 years.(1922) In 1942 the Quit India movement rose, British recognize India's independence. India independence on August 14, 1947. ||

What is an Identity an individual with distinct features and personality. How are our identities formed by our actions, our way of doing something, How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others, influences us by reflecting on our actions, and personality and it is the same on how others see us by our actions which forms out identity. What is conformity, it is our form, appearance, and actions. How does a society decide who belongs and who does not, by deciding whether our actions will benefit them or hurt them, whether if our action reaches their standards. How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking, since each person has different beliefs and attitudes it influences us in a way that it will match what we believe. What does it mean to belong to a group, belonging to a group means that one is accepted by all different standards, personality, appearance, and identity. How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined, it is defined by whether the people is accepted or not, depending on actions, appearance, and their identity, people that wants to belong to a group is defined by their membership.

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