Spartans,Athens,Rome

=** ﻿ Apparts Charts Athens:**=

Document: Athens Revisions made with Kevin S. “Made in Greece around 431- 430 B.C.E.” || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || We know that this is created in Athens, during the war. We learned that this society had defeated Sparta. “Athens is a city-state of Greece. Sparta was its enemy.Athens believed in Zues, main God figure. Athens held olmpics for men.Demographic society.” || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience is intended for the citizens of Athens. “Families memebers of those that served in the war.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || The purpose of this document is to honor the warriors that had died and portray what Athens believes in. “Pay respects to soldiers that fought in the war and Athens, symbol patriotism that Athens has, [displays excellent] moral values, customs and way of life.” “Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause. “
 * __Primary Source Analysis__**
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || Thucydides, we know that he is a general. He is part of Athens. What might influence his opinion is that he lives in Athens. ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || This was created during the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta, the first years of it.
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**

"If I have dwelt at some length upon the character of our country, it has been to show that our stake in the struggle is not the same as theirs who have no such blessings to lose, and also that the praise of the men over whom I am now speaking might be confirmed by definite proofs. My speech is now largely complete; for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and others like them have made her, men whose fame, unlike that of most Hellenes, will be found to be only proportionate to what they deserve. And if a test of worth be wanted, it is to be found in their last scene, and this not only in the cases in which it set the final seal upon their merit, but also in those in which it gave the first intimation of their having any.” “Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting. “ || Support with quotes || The main idea is that they had won the war, they had the ability to defeat Sparta and to display what they believe in. ‘The document Is displaying the greatness of Athens over Spart. Athens is a democracy unlike Spartas, more ideal society. Wanted other city-states to follow their traditions that led them to be successful. Athens was a model of an ideal society that all city-states should follow.” “Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting. “ ...My task is now finished....If deeds be in question, those who are here interred have received part of their honors already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: thus the state offers a valuable prize as the garland of victory in this race of valor, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. And where the rewards for merit are greatest, there the best citizens are found. “ || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || This relates to the big picture because this could affect Sparta and Athens, it could affect their future. “Displays interactions of ESPIRIT chart, we learn about the policital ideals of Athens, and how they found it to be an ideal world.” || =**Apparts Charts Sparta:**=
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

Document: Sparta Revisions made with Kevin S. Known for his documents, Parallel lives was his greatest achievement. || Greece. || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || We know that is was created in Sparta. We learned that this society was being controlled by a tyrant named Lycurgus. Sparta was a city –state of Greece, Sparta was more violent. Lycurgus trained many people for war was prepared. Men and women almost had an equal role in society. Women’s most essential role in society was giving birth to children. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience is intended for anyone that is interested in the way that Lycurgus rules. Intended for Spartans, documents tell us how Sparta and Athens are city-states they vary in many aspects greatly. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || The purpose of this document is to display how Lycurgus ruled, how he wanted to control people’s lives and every aspect of it. Plutarch gives a preview of the life of Spartans.” Provided knowledge on impact of Spartan societies of its ruler.”
 * __Primary Source Analysis__**
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || Plutarch, a Greek Historian what might influenced him was that he was optimistic.
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || Created in Sparta,
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**

“For their marriages the women were carried off by force, not when they were small and unfit for wedlock, but when they were in full bloom and wholly ripe. “ || Support with quotes || The main idea is that Lycurgus was a tyrant he ruled people with fear basically and he controlled everyone’s lives. “Sparta was more productive than Athens, and trained more people for the army. Did not want other city-states to follow their traditions.” “as soon as [the boys] were seven years old, Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies.... “ || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || The big picture is how he ruled Sparta whether people liked him or not because since he controlled everything and everyone there was no freedom in Sparta. It displays the tranny of Lycurgus and forbided the people of Spartan freedom because of the ruler Lycurgus. People’s action was being controlled by Lycurgus. “Women were required to remain healthy.” || =**Sparta+ Athens research**= [] **__Sparta__** [] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athens **__Athens__** Sparta viewed military as their main priority over anything else, training boys at a young age to become warriors. Athens was more democratic than Sparta however there were times where they were ruled by tyrants.
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**
 * City-state of Greece
 * Revolved around military training.
 * Evrotas River was where Ancient Sparta was located along the river, its bank.
 * Sparta had an advantage due to their location.
 * Not everyone who lived in Sparta was a citizen needed to known its background.
 * Helots were the main people who lived in Sparta; Spartans had defeated the Helots in battle.
 * Iron Bars were essential currency, forbid to use silver/gold.
 * Bathed child in wine, later after born, if eligible to live and be raised as warrior, need to be strong and survive.
 * Enter agoge system at 7 to be trained.
 * Men had to marry at age 30
 * Women had more power, seen outside more often.
 * Women weren’t seen outside as often.
 * Named after goddess Athena
 * Athens was built around hills.
 * There was already life during Neolithic times
 * There were 4 social statuses that were in Athens.
 * Many philosophers and historians liver during this time, such as Aristotle, Sophocles, Plutarch, and Socrates.
 * Rivalry with Sparta.

=**Documentary Notes 9-29-10**=
 * 508 B.C. pandemoniums ruled Athens.
 * Plyceni’s thought people should have freedom to govern themselves, born around 570 B.C.
 * Plycenci’s families were wealthy, had many opportunities, grandfather did great deed for King Cresus.
 * Grandfather stuffed himself with gold, gain power with gold
 * Athens located in Mediterranean peninsula.
 * Women spent day at home cooking, spinning.
 * Life expectancy was less than 50 years, life was tough
 * Aristotle thought it was injustice; few people controlled most of Athens.
 * Greece does not have physical appearance of a great civilization to rule
 * Greece divided into city-states, each independent, not unified, each city-states wanted to keep own independence, individuality, not all were successful.
 * Spartans were raised to become soldiers taken away from families, not allowed to keep a lot of possessions except clothes and weapons, lived a tedious life had terrible food.
 * Spartans declared war on Helogs every year.
 * Plycinis was inspired by stories and myths
 * Greeks were able to remember numerous amounts of myths and pass it on orally.
 * Odyssey and Eliot were the most famous tales and still famous.
 * People wanted to model Achilles to become a Greek hero.
 * Achilles chose path of glory.
 * Middle of 6th century took control of government, a tyranny, Herodotus recorded this event, said he had protection of goddess, beside him was a normal tall girl, however people accepted him otherwise.
 * As his rule continued Pistitus wanted to expand and continue the search of allies to be successful, wanted to find Athens for ally.
 * Reduced taxes and promoted free loans, offer prosperity, converted the city; the result of becoming successful was that more vines and olives were being grown.
 * Produced many things out of olives was able to cook with it, olive oil.
 * Eastern Mediterranean was the greatest trading market of the world, Athens becoming prosperous, because everyone wanted to train for olives.
 * Pottery was also being promoted artistically, inside the vase was more expensive than pot itself.
 * Potters had the lowest social status.
 * New style of painting was established when potters were painting their vase.
 * Potters wanted to outdo each other artistically.
 * Pysistitus died in 570(?) B.C, son Hippius took over, ruled like his father for the first part then became a tyranny in 514 B.C. his brother was murdered.
 * Hippius killed the murderers and tortured his wife harshly till death.
 * Exiles and executions were placed, he became paranoid with everyone.
 * Plycinis tried to over throw Hippius to take power for his family and himself, established a conspiracy, he captured Hippius and banished him from Athens forever 510 B.C. Plycinis became powerful.
 * Olympia in South Greece every 4 years there would be Olympic Games where Olympics originated found in 776 B.C.
 * Competition only for wealthy Greeks until Plycinis time then anyone was able to compete, chariot racing, running, wrestling, and boxing were some of the activities, fame was only for the victor.
 * Many people had attended the games; women were prohibited from entering competition and stadium.
 * Athens was unstable because of the games, people were conspiring against Plycinis.
 * Pasagurus was an aristocrat, believed power was his right, and he believed that he needed allies, looked outside Athens, and interacted with Spartans.
 * Spartan reinforces Pasagurus help him betray his own city, Athens were controlled by Pasagurus.
 * 700 households were cast, Plycinis left the city
 * Dog eat dog world
 * Isolation of city-states made them feared.
 * People of Athens took destiny into their own hands and there was the revolution.
 * Pisagurus blockcaded themselves however they couldn’t defend themselves, held out for 2 days and nights, however he surrendered on the 3rd day the Athenians were successful.
 * 508 B.C. they were able to become a great civilization they still wanted to follow Plycinis and he was not exiled anymore and he returned to Athens to help restore the power.
 * Plycinis designed a revolutionary government system.
 * The people had place where they could address to the citizens of Athens.
 * Democracy became possible in Athens due to Plycinis.
 * Citizens gathered every 9 days to discuss important and trivial matters.
 * White stones for yes black stones for no.
 * Democracy makes potential possible in societies
 * Many things were being altered to be filled with emotions and for the citizens such as the sculptures.
 * Persian Empire’s power extended from India to Mediterranean.
 * Persian Empire was becoming their greatest threat.

The key factors that contributed to the development of Athens were that there were threats/challenges that they had to face. Without the threats such as the tyrant Pasagurus they wouldn’t have become a democratic civilization and became prosperous, allowed citizens to become unify. Also their location had made them prosperous through trades also how they were able to grow olives which allowed them to make olive oils and trade with others where they were always welcomed. People were given freedom then once taken away they can’t accept it. = Classical Rome and Greece Key terms =

=Comparison between Han China and Rome=
 * Zoroastrianism || A new religion that had been established, established by the Persians. ||
 * Olympic Games || Competitions that consist of a series of challenges involving athleticism, where the people would compete for glory and fame, only men were allowed to compete and enter the stadium. ||
 * Pericles || Controlled Athenian politics in the 5th century B.C.E. He was an influential figure that represented democratic political structure even though he is an aristocrat. He was able to prevent people for a period of time not to extend their powers to other areas to greaten their wealth however he failed. ||
 * Peloponnesian War || Between Athens and Sparta to control Greece occurred from 431 – 404 B.C.E. ||
 * Alexander the Great || Son of Philip II of Macedon extended his powers vastly over many territories. He was 33 years old when he had past ruling a total of 13 years. ||
 * Roman Republic || Occurred after the monarchy had been over thrown, also took over the Italian peninsula. ||
 * Julius Caesar || Julius Caesar had won the war in 45 B.C.E., he was assassinated. ||
 * Constantine || Christianity was being promoted by Constantine with the intention and hoping to reunite the empire in 313. ||
 * Aristotle || A philosopher that believed in the balance and moderation of the human’s way instead of being influenced by the gods or politics. ||
 * Stoics || Believed greatly of moral independence and being restricted by morals to control one’s behavior. ||
 * Socrates || Born in 469 B.C.E. he wanted his disciples to question the way of life and wisdom in the world. ||
 * Iliad and Odyssey || Created by Homer, existed in 8th B.C.E. known as epics. ||

Political: Rome had a Roman republic for political structure, while the Han dynasty of China used a monarchy (set of emperors) to govern their land, bureaucracy. In roman republic, there was a legislation, the senate, and primary executive officers. People could go to assemblies to vote for a magistrate. In bureaucracy, ruler used a general law for the overall land. A ruler assign a governor who ruled and controlled a part of land. In the division of land, local officers controlled and created order in the land.

Social/interactions: Land Size/Population - more room in China for population and less in Rome Because of the size, it was harder to control the Chinese empire right? But then Rome was all split up by mountains. The geographic location of China was also isolated from the rest of Eurasia. Both patriarchal society

Religion: Confucianism in China, while Greek God’s + start of Christianity in Roman Empire. Greco-Rome believes, they in the complex set gods and goddess who regulated human life, pantheon+ Rome had a diverse religious structure + no other influence on culture and interactions.

Laws: More Tax, during fall of Han China

-Fall of Rome: They were constantly attacked/sacked by barbarians and control of army and it’s people were nonsuccessive. “As a result they prospered and their population greatly increased requiring ever increasing sums of Roman gold to placate them. Eventually the sums of money need to buy off the barbarians became so great that it drained the Roman treasury of money needed to maintain the Roman army and hold the empire together.”

//“Armies were harder to keep due to population decrease, since birth rate was very low at the time. The Roman army is made up of soldier-farmers who must spend years away from their farms defending Rome. When they return, their farms are in ruins and have to be sold to rich men who use slave labour to do the farming. The soldiers are forced to move to cities. “//

Economics: Both Rome and Han China depended on trade, even though different materials were being traded. Han China used the silk road as a way of trading with other nations. Some of the items that Han China traded fine items like silk and spice. Romans traded items like grapes and olives with other parts of the known area. The benefits of slavery, were visible in Rome, who used slaves to better benefit their economy, where in Han China, slavery was not as popular or common.

Technology: Han China invented things like the seismograph which allowed the Chinese to read earthquake activities. During the dynasty of Han China paper was invented and was used in many different ways. The production and process of harvesting and plowing crops increased due to the inventions of collars that allowed the Chinese to use animals that did the job more efficiently. Rome invented such materials as aqueducts which is plumbing, magnifying glass and the siege machine.

Intellectual: Roman, arches were built to enable people to transport heavy amounts of items, while in Han China the wheel barrel was used to help transport items.. Art was being used to portray the human beauty in Rome, with sculptures, while in Han China art was defined by paintings. During the Han dynasty they were studying about hygiene and how better hygiene could improve peoples life span People believed that parents had the rights to discipline their children even if it meant to severely injure or kill them and they would not be punished for it.

Interaction: Roman was in constant warfare, while China was much more isolated. The fall of Rome was easily because of the barbarians and the goths who constantly fight for power of Rome. They had external wars, with the Punic War between the Carthage. But Besides that, Interactions often within their own territory, Rome had interactions, enemies and friends within the Mediterranean Sea. The Chinese were not attacked by many, except by the Monguls and Huns. Han China was separated into two dynasty.  Make Direct Comparisons!  E-> China had Silk Road, which connected to India, but from there were also goods from the Middle-East and Medi Sea. Were not a lot of interactions between other significant nations Rome was closer to the Medi Sea, and there was a prosperous connection of trade routes, thus meaning there was more value to Rome?”All roads lead to rome?” Rome was more economically prosperous than China, because it was located near the Medi Sea and had India to it’s east, while China occupied the Isolated Eastern dominion where it’s significant trade partner was only India

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">S-> China had a strictly Patriarchal structure, based more on following structure of examples from the family house. But other than that, the social classes were similar. Emporer > Merchants > Farmers > Peasents. Aristocrats/Bueruecrats were rich wealthy. Farmers were poor. Also Rome was more lenient with women-men relationship. Women in Rome = allowed to be in control of household, while everyone in household follows the man in China.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00ff00; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P-> Rome had a Roman Republic, a Senate, a Magistrate. China had a Bureucracy, a Central Authority, an Emporer. Same sort of structure, but the way the Magistrate is elected, is by the people usually in assemblies. The Emporer was assigned due to birth rights. Senators Choose laws and passed them. The Chinese Bureau had more a Authoratative/Judicial rule, rather than a legislative rule.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00ffff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I-> China dealt with barbarians from the north, trade with India on the silk Road, and had an inconsistent governmental rule from time to time. Rome to dealt with barbarians, as well as strong nation’s who aimed for power, and the had trade with the Medi Sea, and also there was also a time of inconsistent rule, with many nations aiming to take over the strong Roman Empire

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> R-> Confucianism in China; Greco-Roman Gods + many other religions. Confucianism influenced structure of patriarchal society as long as a structured and moral evaluation. Rome had more than one religion going on, as long as they remained loyal to the State then they are okay. The varied groups created tension and disunification.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I-> Similiar; Greece had philosophy, story telling, language, astronomy, math; China had astronomy, art, medicine, blah blah blah? Anything else to add here?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff00ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T-> Anything to add here? Notes on fall of China, India, Rome.

China · In Han China the governments power decreased, bureaucrats became corrupt, heavy taxes were placed and landlords ruled others land. · The spread of Buddhism caused China unity to fall. India · The Rajput was controlling the small states, and created large military. Rome · Diseases were spreading and politics effects were decreasing, disease killed about half the population. · In Rome the population was decreasing and it was difficult to recruit people for the army. · It was difficult to collect taxes due to the economy · Diseases caused a drop of 75% in population and emperors were weak. · German soldiers had to be hired because it was hard to recruit soldiers therefore it led to needing more money to pay the soldiers. · Cultures began to decrease and textbooks were being written instead of writing about previous achievements. · Population began to decrease because upper class thought children would take the joy out of life, production of things were decreasing and trade was decreasing too.
 * After two centuries Han China’s power had started to decrease
 * Huns had constantly threaten China and attempt to invade it
 * The power of central control also decrease
 * China’s status from 220 to 539 C.E. was chaos
 * Chinese civilization ended.
 * Huge taxes were being placed and labor was also required from the government.
 * The amount of bureaucrats were increasing drastically “130,000 bureaucrats had represented .2% of the population”, limited the power of the monarchy.
 * Children were being sold for money.
 * The Gupta’s did not have any individual powerful leader.
 * The Huns took over India from the Gupta around 500 C.E.
 * Rome finally collapsed due to an invasion
 * Began to decline around 180 C.E.
 * During the collapse of Rome the Mediterranean area was where most had fell.
 * Life became more tedious
 * Taxes made life difficult

= **ESPIRIT Chart** = You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Rome Time Period: Invited several things such as siege engines, catapults, and even magnifying glass. Kevin S. ||
 * E || Agriculture was essential to the economic growth of Roman and Greece farmers, growing such things like grapes and olive were crucial, olives could be made into olive oils then traded with other areas where olive oils were unattainable which made Roman a huge provider. Slavery became essential for Romans, they did hard labor but the Romans required it, due to the labor of slaves they were able to extend their power into other territories. Kevin S. ||
 * S || Three major groups that Rome consists of were patricians, plebeians, and slaves. Patricians were known to be the man of the house, also aristocrats and it was basically consisted up of the government and there was the senate and two consuls. Plebeians were the normal citizens; patricians were restricted to trade with the common citizens. Slaves were the lowest out of the 3; they had jobs like household chores. Some parents would bear children just to sell them off for a profit. Merchants were viewed with respect since they traded with other civilization. Jenny W. ||
 * P || Rome and Greece had always been ruled by people of with higher status, aristocrats. KevinS. ||
 * I || Rome and Greece traded with areas such as East Asia, India and the Mediterranean. They bought items but they also sold items, bought things like olives, olive oil, and wine. Kevin S. ||
 * R || Based off of Christianity. Names of God were relevant to things like planets or love. Religion influenced politics. Romans interested in religion because believed that “higher plans of spirituality “would increase. During times of distress religion did not influence ordinary people as much upper status people we also disappointed with it. **Aristotle** the philosopher knew that there was a balance of human behavior unlike politics and “excess of the gods themselves.” Socrates a philosopher born in 469 B.C.E. wanted his disciples to question wisdom the roles of chiefs which were “the improvement of the soul. Socrates questioned the government of Athens. **Pluto’s** thinking was similar to Confucianism. “ No one religion that influenced the most, no main religion” Jessica. “ Sacrifices were made to maintain their god’s happiness” Kevin S. “ They had an open mind about other religions they accepted other religions as well.” Harris. ||
 * I || Roads and aqueducts were being established, allowing water to be transported. Arches that was created to able to carry tremendous amounts of weight. Rome was able to portray human beauty through art. Homer a Greek poet had written the Odyssey and the Iliad. Rome also contributed to poetry however not as much as the Greeks. Greek’s themes had influenced Roman architects. Romans eventually learned how to build extra domes onto the originals. Romans were mostly known for athletics. ||
 * T || They had plumbing, called **aqueducts**. There was an expression “all roads lead to Rome”