The+Muslim+Empires

You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group Ottoman Empire Time Period____________________________________________
 * ESPIRIT Chart**
 * E || * Empire established during the 13th to 14th century in eastern Mediterranean.
 * New empire was built by Osman based on Anatolia because they were fleeing from the Mongols since they were invading other areas.
 * Economy was based on warfare and expansion.
 * Tax relief and administration is due to conquest.
 * Merchants and tax collectors suffered due to the halt because nothing was longer going through trade ports of Muslim.
 * There was inflation due to silver. ||
 * S || * Beyond the 15th century there was a tie between administrators, religious leaders, and warriors to control the Ottoman bureaucracy.
 * Janissaries troops were boys, some even handed over willingly by their parents.
 * **Vizier** sometimes had more power than sultan, had control of large bureaucracy.
 * Coffee-houses were available for men to some tobacco.
 * Artisans and merchants classes were under the ruling classes, artisans were in guilds.
 * Warriors had gave way to rulers that didn’t have the ability to rule. ||
 * P || * Warrior aristocracy had emerged from Turkic cavalry from 13th to 16th century.
 * Granted power of land and power over the peasants in return support of household and retainers, similar to mannorlism
 * **Janissaries** dominated the imperial army during mid-15th century.
 * Janissaries had a duty of controlling firearms and artillery therefore they were essential. Their growth led to decline of aristocratic cavalry.
 * Janissaries eventually gained power in politics and were able to decide the successor during mid-16th century.
 * Absolute-monarchy.
 * Earlier Arab dynasties, Persian, and Byzantine were what court rituals were based on.
 * Government inspectors hired to ensure weights and measures of new shops.
 * Dynasty lasted more than 600 years.
 * Ottoman Empire became too big therefore too difficult to control.
 * Corruption grew and local officials became greedy making the peasants lives difficult.
 * Ottoman Empire lost to Portugese. ||
 * I || * From strongholds in Asia Minor across Bosporus straits into Europe was where the Ottoman Empire had expanded to.
 * Thrace was also conquered so were territories that belonged to the Balkans.
 * Eventually became powerful enough to take over Constantinople.
 * **Mehmed ll** had attacked Constantinople and they had entered the city and were able to pillage for three days and loot.
 * Spread empire into Syria, Egypt, North Africa, Balkans into Hungary in Europe and around the Black and Red Seas.
 * During 1683 Ottoman Empire were declining however held out until 19th century.
 * Dhimmis known as Christian and Jewish merchants, commerce in the empire was in their hands.
 * There were bazaars that had travelers from around the empire and merchants. ||
 * R || * Janissaries’ troops converted to Islam.
 * Converted the Saint Sophia into a mosque and new mosques were also built.
 * Religious schools were established.
 * Religious festivals.
 * I || * Scholars hung out at coffee-houses to read poems, and debate.
 * Turkish language became used in courts, by historians, poets and in the bureaucracy. ||
 * T || * Architectural advancements from Byzantine.
 * Aqueducts being built.
 * Light field artillery introduced in 17th century. ||
 * Light field artillery introduced in 17th century. ||

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group Safavids Time Period____________________________________________ **ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group Mughals Time Period____________________________________________
 * E || * Similar to Ottoman Empire arose from Turkic nomadic groups and invasions of Timurid and Mongols in 13th and 14th century.
 * Safavids origin was from family in Sufi mystics and religious preachers.
 * Merchants traded with Portugese, China, domains of the empire, Persian gulf, and Arabian Sea.
 * Less market oriented and more constricted. ||
 * S || * Division between the Sunni and Shi’s.
 * **Red Heads** were followers of Safavids, had preached Shi’s doctrines.
 * Consisted of the same system where peasants supplied nobles with food and labor.
 * Absolute monarchy shared power with warrior aristocrats.
 * Life of peasants was difficult because of the warrior aristocrats, so did foreign invasions.
 * Lacked bazaar merchants.
 * Women were at legal disadvantages, worked for husbands and fathers, sometimes consisted of religious or political power, there was veiling and seclusion of the higher class women.
 * Women involved in palace conspiracies, some. Had influence behind the court.
 * They had rights to inheritance, lower class women could lend money and some were even active in trade. ||
 * P || * **Isma’il** a surviving commander out of the leaders that perished had led followers to battles and had won, became emperor when he took over Tabriz.
 * After the defeat of Chaldiran Isma’ll had hid in his castle and drinked.
 * Tahmasp became the new shah.
 * Shah Abbas also known as **Abbas the Great** ruled from 1587-1629, and once again they regained their power.
 * Safavid rulers had recruited Persians for the bureaucracy.
 * Power struggle b/t Persians and Turkic people.
 * Abbas the Great monopolized the firearms.
 * Persia influenced court titles and other areas.
 * **Isfahan** was the capital, was his greatest architectural achievement.
 * After the death of Abbas his grandson had succeeded him.
 * There were internal affairs that led to the decline.
 * Declined in March 1722 when Afghani tribes had taken over Isfahan.
 * **Nadir Khan Afsar** had taken over for a little bit and became Shah in 1736 however empire still fell. ||
 * I || * **Sail al-Din**, one of the Sufi’s during the 14th century had wanted to reform and purify Islam and Spread Muslim teaching, and they had supporters due to collapse of power of Mongols.
 * Conquered huge amount of Persian territories was advancing into Iraq and had pushed the Ozbegs back.
 * **Chaldiran** on August 1514 was a battle between Safavids and Ottoman, however the Ottomans had won.
 * However the Ottoman couldn’t end their rivalry and therefore had retreated because winter was approaching and it was too far for the Ottoman to get supplies.
 * Abbas the Great had interacted with Sherley brothers of England, 40,000 troops.
 * Abbas the Great had made his empire center of Islamic culture and international trade. ||
 * R || * Believed that only Ali, Mohammed’s cousin and son in law had the right to the prophet.
 * Abbas the great had converted youths that were captured in Russia to Islam.
 * Faith was essential.
 * Arabic-speaking Shi’a religious expert was imported however later on eventually began to rely on Persians.
 * **Mullahs** had control of the state.
 * To curse the first three caliphs were what religious leaders needed to do and to mention the Safavid ruler in the Friday sermon was too.
 * Religious leaders had planned teachings in the mosques.
 * Iranian converted to Shi’ism, so did Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Sufi preachers, and Zoroastrians.
 * There was Shi’a religious festivals, involved pilgrimage to Shi’a shrines and flagellation. ||
 * I || * Early shahs wrote in Turkish.
 * Geometric designs were used in building mosques and royal tombs. ||
 * T || * Workshops built to manufacture silk.
 * Built Mosques and royal tombs. ||
 * E || * Abolished jizya, head tax, on Hindu nonbelievers.
 * Taxes and tribute were used as part of revenue.
 * Production of cloth was important. ||
 * S || * Akbar promoted marriages between Mughal aristocracy and Hindu Rajput.
 * Warrior aristocrats were granted peasants villages for supporting Mughal, in return they gave military services and cavalry.
 * Wanted to reform living space for beggars, and regulate consumption of alcohol.
 * Believed that widow remarriage was taboo and child marriages were not good either.
 * Sati was forbidden. (Burning a woman alive.), and provided relief for women in seclusion, there were days reserved for women in markets.
 * Child marriage was popular.
 * Seclusion was enforced so was veiling, birth of son was welcome and omen for birth of daughter. ||
 * P || * **Babur** was the founder of the Mughal dynasty. Mixed race of Turkish, from Timur the conqueror and Mongol.
 * Motivation to raid others was to gain money and re-claim his lost empire, Ferghana.
 * Gave up dream to get back Ferghana after several loses in battle.
 * Around two years he was able to control a great amount of Ganges and Indus plains.
 * Babur was a great fighter and had great military strengths.
 * Delhi was the capital that he created gardens for.
 * **Humayan** was his son who inherited the throne when Babur died due to an illness at the age of 48, year 1530.
 * Humayan won first battle at 18, like father like son he had military strengths.
 * Not everyone agreed with his inheritance of the throne such as his brother therefore it eventually led to him fleeing to Persia.
 * Was in Kubul in 1545 eventually regained control in 1556, die by falling on his head.
 * **Akbar** was his successor; however he was only 13 years old, became a great leader, was also terrific in military strengths.
 * Jahangir 1605-1627and Shah Jahan 1627-1658took control after.
 * Jahangir’s wife **Nur Jahan** was addicted to opium and wine, took control of empire.
 * When her 19th child was born she had died.
 * **Mumtaz Mahal** was Shah Jahan’s consort and she had power in politics also.
 * Aurangzeb was Shah Jahan’s successor/son, wanted to purify Indian Islam and cease interference of Hindu influences, placed head tax on nonbelievers. ||
 * I || * Expanded to north and central India.
 * Cooperated with Hindu princes and Hindus.
 * Died in 1605, Akbar.
 * Mughal India became great area for trade. ||
 * R || * Akbar created his own universalistic religion, **Din-i-Ilahi, unite Muslims and Hindus.**
 * Muslims had to respects cows because Hindus thought of them as sacred.
 * Aurangzeb wanted to end new temples and religious festivals. ||
 * I || * Wanted to improve the calendar.
 * India was behind in science and inventions.
 * Had great techniques to weave cloth and dyed cloths.
 * Jahangir and Shah Jahan had enlarged painting workshops. ||
 * T || * Jahangir and Shah Jahan created **Taj Mahal**.
 * Integrated marble reflecting pools in Taj Mahal. ||