Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+Americas

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 * ESPIRIT Chart**

Civilization/Nation/Group: Spanish

Time Period:

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 * E || * The economy was affected because **Isabella of Castile** had ordered people to move or convert and around 200,000 people had left.
 * The enconmienda system was being used where the Spanish were allowed grants of Indian labor.
 * African slaves were involved in the economy and were imported from the trans-Sahara trade.
 * The enconmienda system began by the people of the islands known as Taino growing surplus labor and giving it to the Spanish.
 * The **encomendero** could tax the people they make work.
 * During the next two centuries everything had depopulated due to European diseases, slaving, and gold hunting.
 * African slaves were being imported by Italian and Spanish workers to work on sugar plantations.
 * Sugar plantations and ranches had begun to replace gold hunting during the 1520’s.
 * Economy depended on mining and agriculture, ranches and farms were used to compete with Native Americans.
 * During 1545 to 1565 silver was discovered.
 * In Peru **Potosi** was the largest mine.
 * Labor drafts replaced Indian Slaves.
 * **Huancavelica** increased silver production in America.
 * **Haciendas** were made for consumers in America were the power and wealth for the aristocrats.
 * Textile sweat shops had emerged because of raising sheep.
 * Spain depended on taxes more than exploring. ||
 * S || * Spanish women began migrating in the 1510’s.
 * People of the Caribbean had been wiped out due to diseases.
 * Depopulation caused a high demand in slave labor.
 * There were 25 million people in central Mexico in 1519 however only 2 million in 1580.
 * Collapse of population caused problems to the economy.
 * **Consulado, merchant guide** had controlled goods that were being shipped to America and in Seville was where trading to America was taken placed and was being controlled. ||
 * P || * During the 15th century **Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile**, his wife had initiated a program to take out diversity of religion.
 * Bureaucracy consisted of men usually judges and lawyers.
 * To rule over new colonies Spain had established governorship, treasury office, and court of appeals.
 * King gets one-fifth of treasure, men that signs up regularly with special skills two shares.
 * Mostly men had gone on expeditions however there were also women such as Ines Suarez.
 * Conquerors in 1570 were being replaced by colonists, Bureaucrats and merchants.
 * Mita was forced labor in Peru, and many Native Americans had to work in mines.
 * Indians moved to work for the Spanish instead because of the abuse.
 * The bureaucratic system was how Spain was able to control America.
 * **Letrados** were the ones that were in the bureaucratic system.
 * **The Council of the Indies** was what the Spanish King had used to rule.
 * During 16th century there were two **viceroyalties,** and they had represented the king.
 * **Audiencias** were the ones that contribute to making laws. ||
 * I || * Christopher Columbus held a voyage in 1492 and had established **Hispaniola.**
 * In 1508 Spain had taken control of Puerto Rico and Cuba in 1511.
 * People began to live in northern coast of South America and Panama in 1513.
 * Spain was able to take over a huge amount of two continents, and other areas too.
 * **Hernan Cortes** in 1519 had led an expedition that consisted of 600 men to coast of Mexico.
 * **Moctezuma II** the Azetec emperor had been killed when Hernan had reached the capital Tenochtitlan and had the helped of Indians.
 * Aztecs had collapsed in 1521 because of diseases and starvation.
 * **Mexico City** had replaced Tenochtitlan.
 * **New Spain** had taken control of a large amount of central Mexico in 1535.
 * Francisco Pizarro had taken over the Incas and the empire collapsed in 1533.
 * **Francisco Vazquez de Coronado** had searched for mythical cities of gold and was able to take control of many areas.
 * **Pedro de Valdivia** had taken control of Araucanians and in 1541 established Santiago.
 * In 1536 an expedition had found Buenos Aires however resistance had made them fail on conquering it and was not founded again until 1580.
 * **Treaty of Tordesillas** was between Portugal and Castile to separate lands that were being controlled by who. ||
 * R || * Cathedral built on Hispaniola in 1530
 * Clergy had several jobs.
 * Churches were established to convert Indians.
 * Clergies studied Indian culture and language, and wrote history.
 * Diego de Landa had admired the culture of Mayas however was outraged by their religion so he had tortured them Mayans and burned all their books in 1547.
 * Bishoprics and parishes institutions had replaced missionary churches.
 * Clergies had ran the schools. ||
 * I || * University built on Hispaniola after the Cathedral.
 * Mancio Serra had questioned conquest.
 * Juan Gines de Sepulveda in 1548 published a book believing that conquest was justified.
 * The Spanish king had stopped further conquests in 1550 to listen to his argument.
 * Father Bartolome de Las Casas had disagreed with Juan Gines de Sepulveda.
 * Religion was what intellect revolved around.
 * **Sor Juana Indes la Cruz** was a women that was welcomed at the court of viceroy in Mexico City because of her intellect and beauty, however she gave up all that to go to religion. ||
 * T || * Method of amalgamation with mercury to take out silver was used during silver mining however it was after 1580.
 * **Galleons**, huge armed ships that carried the silver being brought to Spain. ||

The main idea is that he is suggesting how barbarous the Native Americans really are. How they are lucky to be following the ideas and ways of the Spanish, however if they choose not to follow their ideas then they would force it upon the Native Americans. He also talks about how Christianity is the best and they should convert to it and not worship the devil by sacrificing their enemies hearts and eat their flesh. Not only that but also the Native Americans are less humane and since they are inferior to the Spanish in many ways that the Spanish should rule over them and teach them their ways. Also how they are not smart enough because they didn't receive a liberal education and their way of devising up a king to rule is not clever because they will have to live in debt and under the king they will have to follow. Also how noble the Spanish is and how great they are because they received a liberal education.

Sepulveda believes that the Native Americans were barbarous and uneducated because they did not recieve a liberal education therefore adds to how just they were to conqueor the Native Americans.

The Spanish believed that they were superior in all aspects to life in that of the indeginous people.

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Sepulveda's attitude towards the Native Americans were that they were barbarous and uneducated therefore they were inferior to the Spanish and they are just to conquer the Native Americans to spread their culture/religion. However las Casas attitude towards the Native Americans were that even though they were barbarians they had potential without the interference of the Spanish they could possibly be able to develop a successful government that could even surpass their own. The similarity that they had was that they both viewed Native Americans as barbarian however las Casas view of them as a barbarian does not change the fact that he believes they have potential. What was different from Sepulveda and las Casas was that Sepulveda did not leave Spain and he never went to American to actually see and experience first hand and he only assumed base on pictures and words. On the other hand las Casas did go to American to actually see the Native Americans.

Brazil: The First Plantation


 * Portuguese was not attracted to Brazil except the dyewood tress, therefore only gave permission for merchants to use the dyewood.
 * In 1532 any competitor such as France were eliminated from the coast and pieces of lands were given to nobles to assist in the development.
 * In areas sugar plantations were created and it had involved the labor of Native Americans then eventually African Slaves.
 * Royal Capital built at Salvador in 1549.
 * There was resistance due to factors like missionaries, diseases, and the use of military on the people.
 * Sugar plantations led to the growth of the population

Sugar and Slavery Sugar plantations led to the growth of the population due to the importation of African Slaves.
 * Brazil became the main producer of sugar.
 * Meant that people were needed for labor.
 * 7000 African Slaves imported in 17th century and during the end there were about 150,000 slaves.
 * Top of social class consisted of the white planter families, were aristocrats, also of bureaucrats and officials that were Portuguese and at the bottom the slaves.
 * Population began to mix consist of whites, Africans, and Indians.
 * Jesuits were essential played an important role in building churches and schools.
 * Lacked printing presses and universities, had to rely “mother country” for intellectual.

Brazil’s Age of Gold Gold strike led to the increase of the population due to immigrants and slaves.
 * Sugar plantation in the northeast part of Brazil was controlled by the Dutch in 1630 to 1654.
 * Sugar plantations were being established in the Caribbean, led to the rise of prices on Slaves. (Dutch, France, English involved.)
 * Eventually Brazil was not the major producer of sugar any longer.
 * However this led to the Pualistas in the 17th century in searching for new materials.
 * Eventually in 1695 there was gold that was discovered in Minas Gerais, led to increase in population due to immigrants and others that moved to find gold.
 * About 3 tons of gold discovered each year between 1735 and 1760, increase in demand of slaves.
 * In 1763 Rio de Janeiro became the capital.
 * They relied on exporting sugar and tobacco then eventually mining.

Multiracial Societies
 * Europeans were conquerors, Indians were conquered, and Africans were slaves.
 * Only Indians had to pay tribute.

The Society of Castas
 * Alliances built through offering female servants and concubines.
 * Led to mixed marriages and growth in population of mixed ethnicities, known as mestizos.
 * Sociedad de castas were important.
 * Castas were the people that consisted of mixed origins.
 * Peninsulares were above the creoles, creoles were stronger in local economies.
 * Until a child was 25 the father had control over them, and women were not allowed to work for the government.
 * Women had full rights of inheriting, dowry was paid for marriage, and lower class women worked in looms for small factories and farms.

The 18th century reform New ideas were made, reformed to improve the colony.
 * Amigos del pais met to make reforms.
 * Bureaucrats and progressive thinkers had been influenced by foreigners on ideas such as philosophy and education, economy and population expanded in Europe.

The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade
 * Spain was becoming weaker and weaker, however France on the other hand was gaining more power, Holland and England became threatening also.
 * Dutch, France, and England had formed alliance to raid the Spanish Empire.
 * France, England, and Buccaneers had conquered areas and some had been converted to sugar plantations.
 * There were corruption in parts of the government, many other factors that were visible that led to downfall.
 * Charles II the king of Spain died in 1701 without a throne and therefore Philip of Anjou had succeeded him.
 * The War of the Spanish Succession occurred in 1702- 1713 and ended with the Treaty of Utrecht.

The Bourbon Reforms New ideas and reforms improved the colony, revive it. · The government had improved through this system and so did tax collection.
 * Charles III wanted to make new reforms to improve Spain in many aspects and to revive Spain.
 * Jesuits had to leave Spain in 1767.
 * New ships had been built and navy was altered, France’s bureaucratic system had been introduced.
 * Viceroyalties were established in New Granada in 1739 and in Rio de la Plata in 1778 to control and defend the people.
 * Jose de Galvez became chief architect of reform and minister of Indies.
 * Galvez wanted to eliminate the Creole from the upper bureaucracy.
 * Intendants had replaced local magistrates from Indian villages.